Synthesis of acyloxyalkyl carbamate prodrugs and intermediates thereof

ABSTRACT

Methods for synthesis of 1-(acyloxy)-alkyl carbamates, particularly, the synthesis of 1-(acyloxy)-alkyl carbamate prodrugs of primary or secondary amine-containing drugs are described. Also described are methods for synthesis of 1-(acyloxy)-alkyl N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbonates which are useful intermediates in the synthesis of 1-(acyloxy)-alkyl carbamates are also described.

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 (e) from U.S.Provisional Application Ser. Nos. 60/533,649 and 60/606,637 filed onDec. 30, 2003 and Aug. 13, 2004, respectively.

1. FIELD

Methods for synthesis of 1-(acyloxy)-alkyl carbamates are provided. Moreparticularly, the synthesis of 1-(acyloxy)-alkyl carbamate prodrugs ofprimary or secondary amine-containing drugs is described. Also describedare methods for synthesis of 1-(acyloxy)-alkyl N-hydroxysuccinimidylcarbonates.

2. BACKGROUND

One solution to drug delivery and/or bioavailability issues inpharmaceutical development is converting known drugs to prodrugs.Typically, in a prodrug, a polar functional group (e.g., a carboxylicacid, an amino group, a hydroxyl group, etc.) is masked by a promoiety,which is labile under physiological conditions. Accordingly, prodrugsare usually transported through hydrophobic biological barriers such asmembranes and typically possess superior physicochemical properties thanthe parent drug.

The acyloxyalkoxycarbonyl functionality is an example of a promoietythat may be used to modulate the physiochemical properties ofpharmaceuticals (Alexander, U.S. Pat. No. 4,916,230; Alexander, U.S.Pat. No. 5,733,907; Alexander el al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,426,391).Typically, 1-(acyloxy)-alkyl derivatives of a pharmaceutical possesssuperior bioavailability, may be less irritating to topical and/orgastric mucosal membranes and are usually more permeable through suchmembranes when compared to the parent drug.

However, although 1-(acyloxy)-alkyl carbamate derivatives have beenfrequently used to mask amine groups in pharmaceuticals, existingsynthetic methods for preparing these desirable derivatives areinadequate. Methods disclosed in the art for synthesis of acyloxyalkylcarbamates are typically multi-step routes that utilize unstableintermediates and/or toxic compounds or salts and accordingly aredifficult to perform on large scale and in high yield (Alexander, U.S.Pat. No. 4,760,057; Lund, U.S. Pat. No. 5,401,868; Alexander, U.S. Pat.No. 4,760,057; Saari et al., European Patent 0416689B1; Mulvihill etal., Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 7751-7754; Sun et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem.Lett. 2001, 11, 1875-1879; Sun et al., Bioorg. Med Chem. Lett. 2001, 11,3055-3059; Chen et al., International Publication No. WO 01/05813;Mulvihill et al., Synthesis 2002, 3, 365-370).

Accordingly, there is a continued need for a new synthesis of1-(acyloxy)-alkyl carbamates that proceeds rapidly and efficiently,which is amenable to scale-up and proceeds through readily accessiblesynthetic precursors.

3. SUMMARY

In a first aspect, a method of synthesizing a 1-(acyloxy)-alkylN-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbonate compound of Formula (I) is providedwhich comprises

(i) contacting a compound of Formula (IV) and a compound of Formula (V)to provide a compound of Formula (VI);

(ii) contacting the compound of Formula (VI) with a carboxylate compoundof Formula (VII) to provide an acyloxyalkyl thiocarbonate compound ofFormula (VIII); and

(iii) contacting the thiocarbonate compound of Formula (VIII) with anoxidant (IX), in the presence of an N-hydroxysuccinimide compound ofFormula (X) to afford the compound of Formula (I);

wherein:

X is Cl, Br or I;

B₁ ⁺ is an alkali metal cation, a quaternary ammonium cation, or theconjugate acid of an organic base;

B₂ ⁺ is a quaternary ammonium cation, the conjugate acid of an organicbase, an alkali metal cation, or an alkaline earth metal cation;

R¹ is alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl,substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroalkyl, substitutedheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl orsubstituted heteroarylalkyl;

R² and R³ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl,alkoxycarbonyl, substituted alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, substituted aryl,arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, carbamoyl, substituted carbamoyl,cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, substitutedheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl orsubstituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally, R² and R³ together with theatom to which they are bonded form a cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,cycloheteroalkyl or substituted cycloheteroalkyl ring;

R⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl or C₇₋₉ phenylalkyl;

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen, acylamino, acyloxy,alkoxycarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkyl, substituted alkyl,alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl,carbamoyloxy, dialkylamino, heteroaryl, hydroxy, sulfonamido, oroptionally, R⁵ and R⁶ together with the atoms to which they are attachedform a substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, orsubstituted aryl ring.

In a second aspect, a method of synthesizing a 1-(acyloxy)-alkylcarbamate compound of Formula (III) is provided, comprising:

(i) contacting a compound of Formula (IV) and a compound of Formula (V)to provide a compound of Formula (VI);

(ii) contacting the compound of Formula (VI) with a carboxylate compoundof Formula (VII) to provide an acyloxyalkyl thiocarbonate compound ofFormula (VIII);

(iii) contacting the thiocarbonate compound of Formula (VIII) with anoxidant (IX), in the presence of an N-hydroxysuccinimide compound ofFormula (X) to afford the compound of Formula (I); and

(iv) contacting the compound of Formula (I) with a primary or secondaryamine-containing drug of Formula (II) to afford a compound of Formula(III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvatethereof,

wherein HNR⁷R⁸ is a primary or secondary amine-containing drug and eachof X, B₁ ⁺, B₂ ⁺, and R¹ to R⁶ are as described above.

4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION 4.1 Definitions

“Compounds” refers to compounds encompassed by structural formulaedisclosed herein and includes any specific compounds within theseformulae whose structure is disclosed herein. Compounds may beidentified either by their chemical structure and/or chemical name. Whenthe chemical structure and chemical name conflict, the chemicalstructure is determinative of the identity of the compound. Thecompounds described herein may contain one or more chiral centers and/ordouble bonds and therefore, may exist as stereoisomers, such asdouble-bond isomers (i.e., geometric isomers), enantiomers ordiastereomers. Accordingly, the chemical structures depicted hereinencompass all possible enantiomers and stereoisomers of the illustratedcompounds including the stereoisomerically pure form (e.g.,geometrically pure, enantiomerically pure or diastereomerically pure)and enantiomeric and stereoisomeric mixtures. Enantiomeric andstereoisomeric mixtures can be resolved into their component enantiomersor stereoisomers using separation techniques or chiral synthesistechniques well known to the skilled artisan. The compounds may alsoexist in several tautomeric forms including the enol formn, the ketoform and mixtures thereof. Accordingly, the chemical structures depictedherein encompass all possible tautomeric forms of the illustratedcompounds. The compounds described also include isotopically labeledcompounds where one or more atoms have an atomic mass different from theatomic mass conventionally found in nature. Examples of isotopes thatmay be incorporated into the compounds disclosed herein include, but arenot limited to, ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, etc. Compounds mayexist in unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms, including hydratedforms and as N-oxides. In general, compounds may be hydrated, solvatedor N-oxides. Certain compounds may exist in multiple crystalline oramorphous forms. In general, all physical forms are equivalent for theuses contemplated herein and are intended to be within the scope of thepresent disclosure. Further, it should be understood, when partialstructures of the compounds are illustrated, that brackets indicate thepoint of attachment of the partial structure to the rest of themolecule.

“1-Acyloxy-Alkyl Carbamate” refers to an N-1-acyloxy-alkoxycarbonylderivative of a primary or secondary amine-containing drug asencompassed by structural formula (III) herein.

“Alkyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to asaturated or unsaturated, branched, straight-chain or cyclic monovalenthydrocarbon radical derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from asingle carbon atom of a parent alkane, alkene or alkyne. Typical alkylgroups include, but are not limited to, methyl; ethyls such as ethanyl,ethenyl, ethynyl; propyls such as propan-1-yl, propan-2-yl,cyclopropan-1-yl, prop-1-en-1-yl, prop-1-en-2-yl, prop-2-en-1-yl(allyl), cycloprop-1-en-1-yl; cycloprop-2-en-1-yl, prop-1-yn-1-yl,prop-2-yn-1-yl, etc.; butyls such as butan-1-yl, butan-2-yl,2-methyl-propan-1-yl, 2-methyl-propan-2-yl, cyclobutan-1-yl,but-1-en-1-yl, but-1-en-2-yl, 2-methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl, but-2-en-1-yl,but-2-en-2-yl, buta-1,3-dien-1- yl, buta-1,3-dien-2-yl,cyclobut-1-en-1-yl, cyclobut-1-en-3-yl, cyclobuta-1,3-dien-1-yl,but-1-yn-1-yl, but-1-yn-3-yl, but-3-yn-1-yl, etc.; and the like.

The term “alkyl” is specifically intended to include groups having anydegree or level of saturation, i.e., groups having exclusively singlecarbon-carbon bonds, groups having one or more double carbon-carbonbonds, groups having one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds and groupshaving mixtures of single, double and triple carbon-carbon bonds. Wherea specific level of saturation is intended, the expressions

“alkanyl,” “alkenyl,” and “alkynyl” are used. In some embodiments, analkyl group comprises from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. In other embodiments,an alkyl group comprises from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. In still otherembodiments, an alkyl group comprises from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

“Alkanyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to asaturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl radical derived bythe removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parentalkane. Typical alkanyl groups include, but are not limited to,methanyl; ethanyl; propanyls such as propan-1-yl, propan-2-yl(isopropyl), cyclopropan-1-yl, etc.; butanyls such as butan-1-yl,butan-2-yl (sec-butyl), 2-methyl-propan-1-yl (isobutyl),2-methyl-propan-2-yl (t-butyl), cyclobutan-1-yl, etc.; and the like.

“Alkenyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to anunsaturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl radical having atleast one carbon-carbon double bond derived by the removal of onehydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkene. The groupmay be in either the cis or trans conformation about the double bond(s).Typical alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl;propenyls such as prop-1-en-1-yl, prop-1-en-2-yl, prop-2-en-1-yl(allyl), prop-2-en-2-yl, cycloprop-1-en-1-yl; cycloprop-2-en-1-yl;butenyls such as but-1-en-1-yl, but-1-en-2-yl, 2-methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl,but-2-en-1-yl, but-2-en-1-yl, but-2-en-2-yl, buta-1,3-dienbuta-1,3-dien-2-yl, cyclobut-1-en-1-yl, cyclobut-1-en-3-yl,cyclobuta-1,3-dien-1-yl, etc.; and the like.

“Alkynyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to anunsaturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl radical having atleast one carbon-carbon triple bond derived by the removal of onehydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkyne. Typicalalkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl; propynyls suchas prop-1-yn-1-yl, prop-2-yn-1-yl, etc.; butynyls such as but-1-yn-1-yl,but-1-yn-3-yl, but-3-yn-1-yl, etc.; and the like.

“Acyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a radical—C(O)R³⁰, where R³⁰ is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl,aryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl as definedherein. Representative examples include, but are not limited to formyl,acetyl, cyclohexylcarbonyl, cyclohexylmethylcarbonyl, benzoyl,benzylcarbonyl and the like.

“Acylamino” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to aradical —NR³¹C(O)R³², where R³¹ and R³² are independently hydrogen,alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl,heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl as defined herein. Representative examplesinclude, but are not limited to formamido, acetamido and benzamido.

“Acyloxy” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to aradical —OC(O)R³³, where R³³ is alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl,aryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl as definedherein. Representative examples include, but are not limited to acetoxy,isobutyroyloxy, benzoyloxy, phenylacetoxy and the like.

“Alkali metal” refers to lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium or cesium.

“Alkaline earth metal” refers to magnesium, calcium, strontium orbarium.

“Alkoxy” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a radical—OR³⁴ where R³⁴ represents an alkyl or cycloalkyl group as definedherein. Representative examples include, but are not limited to,methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, cyclohexyloxy and the like.

“Alkoxycarbonyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to aradical —C(O)OR³⁵ where R³⁵ represents an alkyl or cycloalkyl group asdefined herein. Representative examples include, but are not limited to,methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl,cyclohexyloxycarbonyl and the like.

“Alkoxycarbonylamino” by itself or as part of another substituent refersto a radical —NR³⁶C(O)OR³⁷ where R³⁶ represents an alkyl or cycloalkylgroup and R³⁷ is alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl,heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl as defined herein.Representative examples include, but are not limited to,methoxycarbonylamino, tert-butoxycarbonylamino andbenzyloxycarbonylamino.

“Alkoxycarbonyloxy” by itself or as part of another substituent refersto a radical —OC(O)OR³⁸ where R³⁸ represents an alkyl or cycloalkylgroup as defined herein. Representative examples include, but are notlimited to, methoxycarbonyloxy, ethoxycarbonyloxy andcyclohexyloxycarbonyloxy.

“Aryl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to amonovalent aromatic hydrocarbon radical derived by the removal of onehydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent aromatic ringsystem. Typical aryl groups include, but are not limited to, groupsderived from aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene, acephenanthrylene,anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, coronene, fluoranthene,fluorene, hexacene, hexaphene, hexalene, as-indacene, s-indacene,indane, indene, naphthalene, octacene, octaphene, octalene, ovalene,penta-2,4-diene, pentacene, pentalene, pentaphene, perylene, phenalene,phenanthrene, picene, pleiadene, pyrene, pyranthrene, rubicene,triphenylene, trinaphthalene and the like. In some embodiments, an arylgroup is from 6 to 20 carbon atoms. In other embodiments, an aryl groupis from 6 to 12 carbon atoms.

“Arylalkyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to anacyclic alkyl radical in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to acarbon atom, typically a terminal or sp³ carbon atom, is replaced withan aryl group. Typical arylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to,benzyl, 2-phenylethan-1-yl, 2-phenylethen-1-yl, naphthylmethyl,2-naphthylethan-1-yl, 2-naphthylethen-1-yl, naphthobenzyl,2-naphthophenylethan-1-yl and the like. Where specific alkyl moietiesare intended, the nomenclature arylalkanyl, arylalkenyl and/orarylalkynyl is used. In some embodiments, an arylalkyl group is (C₆-C₃₀)arylalkyl, e.g., the alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl moiety of the arylalkylgroup is (C₁-C₁₀) and the aryl moiety is (C₆-C₂₀). In other embodiments,an arylalkyl group is (C₆-C₂₀) arylalkyl, e.g., the alkanyl, alkenyl oralkynyl moiety of the arylalkyl group is (C₁-C₈) and the aryl moiety is(C₆-C₁₂).

“Carbamoyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to theradical —C(O)NR³⁹R⁴⁰ where R³⁹ and R⁴⁰ are independently hydrogen,alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl as defined herein.

“Carbamoyloxv” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to theradical —OC(O)NR⁴¹R⁴² where R⁴¹ and R⁴² are independently hydrogen,alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl as defined herein.

“Conjugate acid of an organic base” refers to the protonated form of aprimary, secondary or tertiary amine or heteroaromatic nitrogen base.Representative examples include, but are not limited to,triethylammonium, morpholinium and pyridinium.

“Cycloalkyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to asaturated or unsaturated cyclic alkyl radical. Where a specific level ofsaturation is intended, the nomenclature “cycloalkanyl” or“cycloalkenyl” is used. Typical cycloalkyl groups include, but are notlimited to, groups derived from cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane,cyclohexane and the like. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is(C₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl. In other embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is(C₃-C₇) cycloalkyl.

“Cycloheteroalkyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers toa saturated or unsaturated cyclic alkyl radical in which one or morecarbon atoms (and any associated hydrogen atoms) are independentlyreplaced with the same or different heteroatom. Typical heteroatoms toreplace the carbon atom(s) include, but are not limited to, N, P, O, S,Si, etc. Where a specific level of saturation is intended, thenomenclature “cycloheteroalkanyl” or “cycloheteroalkenyl” is used.Typical cycloheteroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, groupsderived from epoxides, azirines, thiiranes, imidazolidine, morpholine,piperazine, piperidine, pyrazolidine, pyrrolidine, quinuclidine, and thelike.

“Dialkylamino” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to theradical —NR⁴³R⁴⁴ where R⁴³ and R⁴⁴ are independently alkyl, cycloalkyl,cycloheteroalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl or heteroarylalkyl, oroptionally R⁴³ and R⁴⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they areattached form a cycloheteroalkyl ring.

“GABA analog” refers to a compound, unless specified otherwise, ashaving the following structure:

wherein:

R¹⁰ and R¹³ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl,substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substitutedheteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl and substituted heteroarylalkyl;

R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, acyl, substituted acyl, aryl,substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl,substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl,heteroarylalkyl and substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally, R¹¹ andR¹² together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form acycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl or substitutedcycloheteroalkyl ring.

“Heteroalkyl, Heteroalkanyl, Heteroalkenyl and Heteroalkynyl” bythemselves or as part of another substituent refer to alkyl, alkanyl,alkenyl and alkynyl groups, respectively, in which one or more of thecarbon atoms (and any associated hydrogen atoms) are independentlyreplaced with the same or different heteroatomic groups. Typicalheteroatomic groups which can be included in these groups include, butare not limited to, —O—, —S—, —O—O—, —S—S—, —O—S—, —NR⁴⁵R⁴⁶, —═N—N═—,—N═N—, —N═N —NR⁴⁷R⁴⁸, —PR⁴⁹—, —P(O)₂—, —POR⁵⁰—, —O—P(O)₂—, —SO—, —SO₂—,—SnR⁵¹R⁵²—and the like, where R⁴⁵,R⁴⁶, R⁴⁷, R⁴⁸, R⁴⁹, R⁵⁰, R⁵¹ and R⁵²are independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substitutedaryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substitutedcycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroalkyl,substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl,heteroarylalkyl or substituted heteroarylalkyl.

“Heteroaryl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to amonovalent heteroaromatic radical derived by the removal of one hydrogenatom from a single atom of a parent heteroaromatic ring system. Typicalheteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, groups derived fromacridine, arsindole, carbazole, β-carboline, chromane, chromene,cinnoline, furan, imidazole, indazole, indole, indoline, indolizine,isobenzofuran, isochromene, isoindole, isoindoline, isoquinoline,isothiazole, isoxazole, naphthyridine, oxadiazole, oxazole, perimidine,phenanthridine, phenanthroline, phenazine, phthalazine, pteridine,purine, pyran, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyridine, pyrimidine,pyrrole, pyrrolizine, quinazoline, quinoline, quinolizine, quinoxaline,tetrazole, thiadiazole, thiazole, thiophene, triazole, xanthene, and thelike. Preferably, the heteroaryl group is from 5-20 membered heteroaryl,more preferably from 5-10 membered heteroaryl. Preferred heteroarylgroups are those derived from thiophene, pyrrole, benzothiophene,benzofuran, indole, pyridine, quinoline, imidazole, oxazole and pyrazine

“Heteroarylalkyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers toan acyclic alkyl radical in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to acarbon atom, typically a terminal or sp³ carbon atom, is replaced with aheteroaryl group. Where specific alkyl moieties are intended, thenomenclature heteroarylalkanyl, heteroarylalkenyl and/orheterorylalkynyl is used. In some embodiments, the heteroarylalkyl groupis a 6-30 membered heteroarylalkyl, e.g., the alkanyl, alkenyl oralkynyl moiety of the heteroarylalkyl is 1-10 membered and theheteroaryl moiety is a 5-20-membered heteroaryl. In other embodiments,the heteroarylalkyl group is a 6-20. membered heteroarylalkyl, e.g., thealkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl moiety of the heteroarylalkyl is 1-8membered and the heteroaryl moiety is a 5-12-membered heteroaryl.

“Parent Aromatic Ring System” by itself or as part of anothersubstituent refers to an unsaturated cyclic or polycyclic ring systemhaving a conjugated 7C electron system. Specifically included within thedefinition of “parent aromatic ring system” are fused ring systems inwhich one or more of the rings are aromatic and one or more of the ringsare saturated or unsaturated, such as, for example, fluorene, indane,indene, phenalene, etc. Typical parent aromatic ring systems include,but are not limited to, aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene,acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, coronene,fluoranthene, fluorene, hexacene, hexaphene, hexalene, as-indacene,s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, octacene, octaphene, octalene,ovalene, penta-2,4-diene, pentacene, pentalene, pentaphene, perylene,phenalene, phenanthrene, picene, pleiadene, pyrene, pyranthrene,rubicene, triphenylene, trinaphthalene and the like.

“Parent Heteroaromatic Ring System” by itself or as part of anothersubstituent refers to a parent aromatic ring system in which one or morecarbon atoms (and any associated hydrogen atoms) are independentlyreplaced with the same or different heteroatom. Typical heteroatoms toreplace the carbon atoms include, but are not limited to, N, P, O, S,Si, etc. Specifically included within the definition of “parentheteroaromatic ring systems” are fused ring systems in which one or moreof the rings are aromatic and one or more of the rings are saturated orunsaturated, such as, for example, arsindole, benzodioxan, benzofuran,chromane, chromene, indole, indoline, xanthene, etc. Typical parentheteroaromatic ring systems include, but are not limited to, arsindole,carbazole, β-carboline, chromane, chromene, cinnoline, furan, imidazole,indazole, indole, indoline, indolizine, isobenzofuran, isochromene,isoindole, isoindoline, isoquinoline, isothiazole, isoxazole,naphthyridine, oxadiazole, oxazole, perimidine, phenanthridine,phenanthroline, phenazine, phthalazine, pteridine, purine, pyran,pyrazine, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrrole,pyrrolizine, quinazoline, quinoline, quinolizine, quinoxaline,tetrazole, thiadiazole, thiazole, thiophene, triazole, xanthene, and thelike.

“Prodrug” refers to a derivative of a drug molecule that requires atransformation within the body to release the active drug. Prodrugs arefrequently, although not necessarily, pharmacologically inactive untilconverted to the parent drug. A hydroxyl containing drug may beconverted to, for example, to a sulfonate, ester or carbonate prodrug,which may be hydrolyzed in vivo to provide the hydroxyl compound. Anamino containing drug may be converted, for example, to a carbamate,amide, enamine, imine, N-phosphonyl, N-phosphoryl or N-sulfenyl prodrug,which may be hydrolyzed in vivo to provide the amino compound. Acarboxylic acid drug may be converted to an ester (including silylesters and thioesters), amide or hydrazide prodrug, which be hydrolyzedin vivo to provide the carboxylic acid compound. Prodrugs for drugswhich have functional groups different than those listed above are wellknown to the skilled artisan.

“Promoiety” refers to a form of protecting group that when used to maska functional group within a drug molecule converts the drug into aprodrug. Typically, the promoiety will be attached to the drug viabond(s) that are cleaved by enzymatic or non-enzymatic means in vivo.

“Protecting group” refers to a grouping of atoms that when attached to areactive functional group in a molecule masks, reduces or preventsreactivity of the functional group. Examples of protecting groups can befound in Green el al., “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry”, (Wiley,2^(nd) ed. 1991) and Harrison el al., “Compendium of Synthetic OrganicMethods”, Vols. 1-8 (John Wiley and Sons, 1971-1996). Representativeamino protecting groups include, but are not limited to, formyl, acetyl,trifluoroacetyl, benzyl, benzyloxycarbonyl (“CBZ”), tert-butoxycarbonyl(“Boc”), trimethylsilyl (“TMSS”), 2-trimethylsilyl-ethanesulfonyl(“SES”), trityl and substituted trityl groups, allyloxycarbonyl,9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (“FMOC”), nitro-veratryloxycarbonyl(“NVOC”) and the like. Representative hydroxy protecting groups include,but are not limited to, those where the hydroxy group is either acylatedor alkylated such as benzyl, and trityl ethers as well as alkyl ethers,tetrahydropyranyl ethers, trialkylsilyl ethers and allyl ethers.

“Substantially one diastereomer” refers to a compound containing 2 ormore stereogenic centers such that the diastereomeric excess (d.e.) ofthe compound is at least 90%, preferably greater than 95%, morepreferably greater than 98%, and most preferably greater than 99%.

“Substituted” refers to a group in which one or more hydrogen atoms areindependently replaced with the same or different substituent(s). Insome embodiments, substituents include —M, —R⁶⁰, —O⁻, ═O, —OR⁶⁰, —SR⁶⁰,—S⁻, ═S, —NR⁶⁰R⁶¹, ═NR⁶⁰, —CF₃, —CN, —OCN, —SCN, —NO, —NO₂, ═N₂, —N₃,—S(O)₂O⁻, —S(O)₂OH, —S(O)₂ R⁶⁰, —OS(O₂)O^(−, —OS(O)) ₂R⁶⁰, —P(O)(O⁻)₂,—P(O)(OR⁶⁰)(O⁻), —OP(O)(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁶¹), —C(O)R⁶⁰, —C(S)R⁶⁰, —C(O)OR⁶⁰,—C(O)NR⁶⁰R⁶¹, —C(O)O⁻, —C(S)OR⁶⁰, —NR⁶²C(O)NR⁶⁰R⁶¹, —NR⁶²C(S)NR⁶⁰R⁶¹,—NR⁶²C(NR⁶³)NR⁶⁰R⁶¹ and —C(NR⁶²)NR⁶⁰R⁶¹ where M is independently ahalogen; R⁶⁰, R⁶¹, R⁶² and R⁶³ are independently hydrogen, alkyl,substituted alkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substitutedcycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, aryl,substituted aryl, heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl, or optionallyR⁶⁰ and R⁶¹ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bondedform a cycloheteroalkyl or substituted cycloheteroalkyl ring; and R⁶⁴and R⁶⁵ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl,cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substitutedcycloheteroalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl or substitutedheteroaryl, or optionally R⁶⁴ and R⁶⁵ together with the nitrogen atom towhich they are bonded form a cycloheteroalkyl or substitutedcycloheteroalkyl ring. In other embodiments, substituents include —M,—R⁶⁰, ═O, —OR⁶⁰, —SR⁶⁰, —S⁻, ═S, —NR⁶⁰R⁶¹, ═NR⁶⁰, —CF₃, —CN, —OCN, —SCN,—NO, —NO₂, ═N₂, —N₃, —S(O)₂R⁶⁰, —OS(O₂)O⁻, —OS(O)₂R⁶⁰, —P(O)(O⁻)₂,—P(O)(OR⁶⁰)(O⁻), —OP(O)(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁶¹), —C(O)R⁶⁰, —C(S)R⁶⁰, —C(O)OR⁶⁰,—C(O)NR⁶⁰R⁶¹, —C(O)O⁻, —NR⁶²C(O)NR⁶⁰R⁶¹. In still other embodiments,substituents include —M, —R⁶⁰, ═O, —OR⁶⁰, —SR⁶⁰, —NR⁶⁰R⁶¹, —CF₃, —CN,—NO₂, —S(O)₂R⁶⁰, —P(O)(OR⁶⁰)(O⁻), —OP(O)(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁶¹), —C(O)R⁶¹,—C(O)OR⁶⁰, —C(O)NR⁶⁰R⁶¹, —C(O)O⁻. In still other embodiements,substituents include —M, —R⁶⁰, ═O, —OR⁶⁰, —SR⁶⁰, —NR⁶⁰R⁶¹, —CF₃, —CN,—NO₂, —S(O)₂R⁶⁰, —OP(O)(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁶¹), —C(O)R⁶⁰, —C(O)OR⁶⁰, —C(O)O⁻, whereR⁶⁰ , R⁶¹ and R⁶² are as defined above.

“Sulfonamido” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to aradical —NR⁵³S(O)₂R⁵⁴, where R⁵³ is alkyl, substituted alkyl,cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl,heteroalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl and R⁵⁴ is hydrogen, alkyl,cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroarylor heteroarylalkyl as defined herein. Representative examples include,but are not limited to methanesulfonamido, benzenesulfonamido andp-toluenesulfonamido.

Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the invention.While the invention will be described in conjunction with theseembodiments, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit theinvention to those embodiments. To the contrary, it is intended to coveralternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included withinthe spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

4.2. Method of Synthesis of 1-(Acyloxy)-Alkyl N-HydroxysuccinimidylCarbonates

In a first aspect, a method of synthesizing a 1-(acyloxy)-alkylN-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbonate compound of Formula (I) is provided,

which comprises:

(i) contacting a compound of Formula (IV) and a compound of Formula (V)to provide a compound of Formula (VI);

(ii) contacting the compound of Formula (VI) with a carboxylate compoundof Formula (VII) to provide an acyloxyalkyl thiocarbonate compound ofFormula (VIII); and

(iii) contacting the thiocarbonate compound of Formula (VIII) with anoxidant (IX), in the presence of an N-hydroxysuccinimide compound ofFormula (X) to afford the compound of Formula (I);

wherein:

X is Cl, Br or I;

B₁ ⁺ is an alkali metal cation, a quaternary ammonium cation, or theconjugate acid of an organic base;

B₂ ⁺ is a quaternary ammonium cation, the conjugate acid of an organicbase, an alkali metal cation, or an alkaline earth metal cation;

R¹ is alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl,substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroalkyl, substitutedheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl orsubstituted heteroarylalkyl;

R² and R³ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl,alkoxycarbonyl, substituted alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, substituted aryl,arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, carbamoyl, substituted carbamoyl,cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, substitutedheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl orsubstituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally, R² and R³ together with theatom to which they are bonded form a cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,cycloheteroalkyl or substituted cycloheteroalkyl ring;

R⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl or C₇₋₉ phenylalkyl;

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen, acylamino, acyloxy,alkoxycarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonyloxy, al kyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl,carbamoyloxy, dialkylamino, heteroaryl, hydroxy, sulfonamido, oroptionally, R⁵ and R⁶ together with the atoms to which they are attachedform a substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, orsubstituted aryl ring.

In some embodiments, X is Cl.

In some other embodiments, R¹ is selected from the group consisting ofC₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, substitutedphenyl and C₇₋₉ phenylalkyl. In other embodiments, R¹ is methyl, ethyl,propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl,sec-pentyl, neopentyl, 1,1-dimethoxyethyl, 1,1-diethoxyethyl, phenyl,4-methoxyphenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, styryl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl. In still other embodiments, R¹ is methyl,ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl,n-pentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, neopentyl, 1,1-diethoxyethyl, phenyl orcyclohexyl.

In still other embodiments, R² and R³ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl,alkoxycarbonyl, substituted alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, substituted aryl,arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, substitutedcycloalkyl, cycloalkoxycarbonyl, substituted cycloalkoxycarbonyl,heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl and substitutedheteroarylalkyl. In still other embodiments, R² and R³ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, substitutedC₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxycarbonyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkoxycarbonyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl and C₇₋₉ phenylalkyl. Instill other embodiments, R² and R³ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl,isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, isopropoxycarbonyl,cyclohexyloxycarbonyl, phenyl, benzyl and phenethyl. In still anotherembodiment, R² is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl,isobutyl, sec-butyl, phenyl or cyclohexyl and R³ is hydrogen. In stillother embodiments, R² is methyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl,isopropoxycarbonyl or cyclohexyloxycarbonyl and R³ is methyl. In stillother embodiments, R² and R³ together with the carbon atom to which theyare attached form a cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkylor substituted cycloheteroalkyl ring. In still other embodiments, R² andR³ together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form acyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl ring.

In still other embodiments, R⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenylor C₇₋₉ phenylalkyl. In still other embodiments, R⁴ is methyl, ethyl,propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl,4-methoxyphenyl, 4-methylphenyl or benzyl.

In still other embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen,acylamino, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkoxy,substituted alkoxy, carbamoyloxy, dialkylamino, hydroxy, sulfonamido oroptionally, R⁵ and R⁶ together with the atoms to which they are attachedform a substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl orsubstituted aryl ring. In still other embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ are bothhydrogen. In still other embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ are each acyloxy,alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkoxy, carbamoyloxy or hydroxy. In still otherembodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ are both acetoxy, isobutyroyloxy, pivaloyloxy,benzoyloxy, C₁₋₄ alkyl-substituted benzoyloxy, methoxy or benzyloxy. Instill other embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ are both benzoyloxy. In still otherembodiments, R⁵ is acylamino, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonylamino,alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, carbamoyloxy,dialkylamino, hydroxy, or sulfonamido and R⁶ is hydrogen. In still otherembodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ together with the atoms to which they areattached form a 1,2-disubstituted cyclohexyl or 1,2-disubstituted phenylring.

In still other embodiments, R¹ is selected from the group consisting ofC₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, substitutedphenyl and C₇₋₉ phenylalkyl, R² and R³ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl,alkoxycarbonyl, substituted alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, substituted aryl,arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, substitutedcycloalkyl, cycloalkoxycarbonyl, substituted cycloalkoxycarbonyl,heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl and substitutedheteroarylalkyl, R⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl or C₇₋₉phenylalkyl and R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen, acylamino,acyloxy, alkoxycarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkoxy, substitutedalkoxy, carbamoyloxy, dialkylamino, hydroxy, sulfonamido or optionally,R⁵ and R⁶ together with the atoms to which they are attached form asubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl or substituted arylring. In still other embodiments, R¹ is methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl,neopentyl, 1,1-dimethoxyethyl, 1,1-diethoxyethyl, phenyl,4-methoxyphenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, styryl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, R² is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, phenyl or cyclohexyl, R³ ishydrogen, R⁴ is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl,sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-methylphenyl or benzyland R⁵ and R⁶ are each acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkoxy, carbamoyloxyor hydroxy. In still other embodiments, R¹ is methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl,neopentyl, 1,1-dimethoxyethyl, 1,1-diethoxyethyl, phenyl,4-methoxyphenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, styryl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, R² is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, phenyl or cyclohexyl, R³ ishydrogen, R⁴ is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl,sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-methylphenyl orbenzyl, and R⁵ and R⁶ are both hydrogen, acetoxy, isobutyroyloxy,pivaloyloxy, benzoyloxy, C₁₋₄ alkyl-substituted benzoyloxy, methoxy orbenzyloxy. In still other embodiments, R¹ is methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl,neopentyl, 1,1-dimethoxyethyl, 1,1-diethoxyethyl, phenyl,4-methoxyphenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, styryl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, R² is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, phenyl or cyclohexyl, R³ ishydrogen, R⁴ is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl,sec-butyl, lert-butyl, phenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-methylphenyl orbenzyl, R⁵ is acylamino, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonylamino,alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, carbamoyloxy,dialkylamino, hydroxy, or sulfonamido and R⁶ is hydrogen. In still otherembodiments, R¹ is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl,sec-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, neopentyl, 1,1-dimethoxyethyl,1,1-diethoxyethyl, phenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, styryl,cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, R² is hydrogen,methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, phenylor cyclohexyl, R³ is hydrogen, R⁴ is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl,butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl,4-methylphenyl or benzyl and R⁵ and R⁶ together with the atoms to whichthey are attached form a 1,2-disubstituted cyclohexyl or1,2-disubstituted phenyl ring.

In some embodiments, R¹ is isopropyl, R² is methyl, R² is hydrogen, R⁴is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen. Inother embodiments, R¹ is isopropyl, R² is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, R⁴is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, and R⁵ and R⁶ are each benzoyloxy. Instill other embodiments, R¹ is isopropyl, R² is isopropyl, R³ ishydrogen, R⁴ is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, and R⁵ and R⁶ are eachisobutyroyloxy. In still other embodiments, R¹ is isopropyl, R² isisopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, R⁴ is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl and R⁵ andR⁶ are each pivaloyloxy. In still other embodiments, R¹ is isopropyl, R²is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, R⁴ is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, and R⁵and R⁶ are each C₁₋₄ alkyl-substituted benzoyloxy.

In some embodiments, R² and R³ in the compound of Formula (I) aredifferent, such that the carbon atom to which R² and R³ are attached isa stereogenic center. In other embodiments, the compound of Formula (X)is chiral and non-racemic.

In some embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ in the compound of Formula (X) are eachbenzoyloxy, the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ is attached isof the R-configuration and the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁶is attached is of the R-configuration. In other embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶in the compound of Formula (X) are each benzoyloxy, the stereochemistryat the carbon to which R⁵ is attached is of the S-configuration, and thestereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁶ is attached is of theS-configuration.

In some embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ in the compound of Formula (X) are eachisobutyroyloxy, the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ isattached is of the R-configuration and the stereochemistry at the carbonto which R⁶ is attached is of the R-configuration. In other embodiments,R⁵ and R⁶ in the compound of Formula (X) are each isobutyroyloxy, thestereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ is attached is of theS-configuration, and the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁶ isattached is of the S-configuration.

In some embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ in the compound of Formula (X) are eachpivaloyloxy, the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ is attachedis of the R-configuration and the stereochemistry at the carbon to whichR⁶ is attached is of the R-configuration. In other embodiments of themethod for synthesizing a compound of Formula (I), R⁵ and R⁶ in thecompound of Formula (X) are each pivaloyloxy, the stereochemistry at thecarbon to which R⁵ is attached is of the S-configuration, and thestereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁶ is attached is of theS-configuration.

In some embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ in the compound of Formula (X) are eachC₁₋₄ alkyl-substituted benzoyloxy, the stereochemistry at the carbon towhich R⁵ is attached is of the R-configuration, and the stereochemistryat the carbon to which R⁶ is attached is of the R-configuration. Inother embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ in the compound of Formula (X) are eachC₁₋₄ alkyl-substituted benzoyloxy, the stereochemistry at the carbon towhich R⁵ is attached is of the S-configuration, and the stereochemistryat the carbon to which R⁶ is attached is of the S-configuration.

In some embodiments, R² and R³ in the compound of Formula (I) aredifferent and the compound comprises substantially one diastereomer.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is substantially onediastereomer, wherein R¹ is isopropyl, R² is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen,R⁴ is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, R⁵ and R⁶ are each benzoyloxy, thestereochemistry at the carbon to which R² and R³ are attached is of theS-configuration, the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ isattached is of the R-configuration, and the stereochemistry at thecarbon to which R⁶ is attached is of the R-configuration. In otherembodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is substantially onediastereomer, wherein R¹ is isopropyl, R² is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen,R⁴ is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, R⁵ and R⁶ are each benzoyloxy, thestereochemistry at the carbon to which R² and R³ are attached is of theR-configuration, the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ isattached is of the S-configuration, and the stereochemistry at thecarbon to which R⁶ is attached is of the S-configuration.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is substantially onediastereomer, wherein R¹ is isopropyl, R² is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen,R⁴ is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, R⁵ and R⁶ are each isobutyroyloxy,the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R² and R³ are attached is ofthe S-configuration, the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ isattached is of the S-configuration, and the stereochemistry at thecarbon to which R⁶ is attached is of the S-configuration. In otherembodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is substantially onediastereomer, wherein R¹ is isopropyl, R² is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen,R⁴ is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, R⁵ and R⁶ are each isobutyroyloxy,the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R² and R³ are attached is ofthe R-configuration, the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ isattached is of the R-configuration, and the stereochemistry at thecarbon to which R⁶ is attached is of the R-configuration.

In some embodiments, B₁ ⁺ of Formula (V) is an alkali metal cation. Inother embodiments, B₁ ⁺ is a lithium, sodium or potassium ion. In stillother embodiments, B₁ ⁺ is a sodium ion.

In some embodiments, B₁ ⁺ is a quaternary ammonium cation. In otherembodiments, B₁ ⁺ is a tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium ortetrabutylammonium cation. In still other embodiments, B₁ ⁺ is theconjugate acid of an organic base. In still other embodiments, B₁ ⁺ isthe conjugate acid of triethylamine, tributylamine,diisopropylethylamine, dimethylisopropylamine, N-methylmorpholine,N-methylpyrrolidine, N-methylpiperidine, pyridine, 2-methylpyridine,2,6-dimethylpyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine,1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, or1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]undec-7-ene, more preferably, B₁ ⁺ is atriethylammonium, diisopropylethylammonium, N-methylmorpholinium orpyridinium cation.

In some embodiments, a solvent is used in the first step of the abovemethod. Solvents useful in step (i) include, but are not limited to,dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chloroform, toluene, tetrahydrofuran,dioxane, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone,dimethyl sulfoxide, pyridine, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, methyltert-butyl ether, water or combinations thereof. In some embodiments,the solvent is dichloromethane, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine,methyl tert-butyl ether, water, or combinations thereof. In otherembodiments, the solvent is dichloromethane, water or a combinationthereof. In still other embodiments, the solvent is a biphasic mixtureof dichloromethane and water. In still other embodiments, the solvent isa biphasic mixture of dichloromethane and water containing from about0.001 equivalents to about 0.1 equivalents of a phase transfer catalyst.In still other embodiments, the phase transfer catalyst is atetraalkylammonium salt, more preferably, a tetrabutylammonium salt.

In some embodiments, step (i) is carried out at a temperature betweenabout −20° C. and about 25° C. In other embodiments, step (i) is carriedout at a temperature between about 0° C. and about 25° C.

In some embodiments, B₂ ⁺ in the carboxylate salt of Formula (VII) is aquaternary ammonium cation. In other embodiments, B₂ ⁺ is atetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium or tetrabutylammonium cation.

In some embodiments, B₂ ⁺ is the conjugate acid of an organic base. Inother embodiments, B2⁺ is the conjugate acid oftriethylamine,tributylamine, diisopropylethylamine, dimethylisopropylamine,N-methylmorpholine, N-methylpyrrolidine, N-methylpiperidine, pyridine,2-methylpyridine, 2,6-dimethylpyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine,1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene or1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]undec-7-ene. In still other embodiments, B₂ ⁺ isa triethylammonium, diisopropylethylammonium, N-methylmorpholinium orpyridinium cation.

In some embodiments, B₂ ⁺ is an alkali metal cation. In otherembodiments, B₂ ⁺ is a lithium, sodium or potassium ion.

In some embodiments, a solvent is used in step (ii) of the above method.Solvents useful in the second step include, but are not limited to,tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chloroform,toluene, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone,dimethyl sulfoxide, pyridine, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, methyltert-butyl ether, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, tert-butanol, water,or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent istetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dichloromethane, toluene, pyridine, methyltert-butyl ether, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, water or combinationsthereof. In other embodiments, the solvent is tetrahydrofuran. In stillother embodiments, the solvent used in step (ii) of the above method isthe conjugate acid of the compound of Formula (VII).

In some embodiments, step (ii) is carried out a temperature betweenabout −20° C. and about 100° C. In other embodiments, step (ii) iscarried out a temperature between about 0° C. and about 25° C. In stillother embodiments, step (ii) is carried out a temperature between about25° C. and about 80° C.

In some embodiments, oxidant (IX) is a peroxy acid, a peroxide, ozone oroxygen. In other embodiments, oxidant (IX) is a stoichiometric orcatalytic amount of a transition metal compound. In still otherembodiments, oxidant (IX) is a peroxy acid, a peroxide, ozone or oxygenwith a catalytic amount of a transition metal compound.

Suitable peroxy acids include, but are not limited to, peroxyaceticacid, m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, peroxytrifluoroacetic acid,peroxydifluoroacetic acid, peroxyfluoroacetic acid,peroxytrichloroacetic acid, peroxydichloroacetic acid,peroxychloroacetic acid, peroxytribromoacetic acid, peroxydibromoaceticacid, peroxybromoacetic acid, peroxychlorodifluoroacetic acid,peroxypentafluoropropionic acid, peroxybenzoic acid,p-fluoroperoxybenzoic acid, pentafluoroperoxybenzoic acid,p-trifluoroperoxybenzoic acid, o-nitroperoxybenzoic acid,m-nitroperoxybenzoic acid, p-nitroperoxybenzoic acid,3,5-dinitroperoxybenzoic acid, monoperoxysuccinic acid, monoperoxymaleicacid, monoperoxy-o-phthalic acid, peroxytrifluromethanesulfonic acid,peroxymethanesulfonic acid, p-tolueneperoxysulfonic acid, peroxybenzenesulfonic acid and salts thereof. In some embodiments, the peroxy acid isperoxyacetic acid, m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, monoperoxy-o-phthalicacid, monoperoxymaleic acid, peroxytrifluoroacetic acid or saltsthereof. In other embodiments, the the peroxy acid is peroxyacetic acid,m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, magnesium monoperoxy-o-phthalate or saltsthereof.

In some embodiments, the peroxy acid is synthesized by contactingurea-hydrogen peroxide complex with an acid anhydride. In otherembodiments, the peroxy acid is synthesized by contacting urea-hydrogenperoxide complex with maleic anhydride.

In some embodiments, the molar ratio of oxidant (IX), to thiocarbonate,(VIII), is between about 10:1 and about 1:1. In other embodiments, themolar ratio of oxidant (IX), to thiocarbonate, (VIII), the molar ratioof oxidant (IX), to thiocarbonate, (VIII), is between about 3:1 andabout 1:1. In still other embodiments, the molar ratio of acid anhydrideto the urea-hydrogen peroxide complex is between about 6:1 and about1:1.

In some embodiments, a solvent is used in the third step of the abovemethod. Solvents useful in step (iii) include, but are not limited to,acetic acid, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate,toluene, chlorobenzene, xylene, acetonitrile, methyl tert-butyl ether,cyclohexane or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent isacetic acid, dichloromethane, dichloroethane or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, step (iii) is carried out a temperature betweenabout −20° C. and about 80° C. In other embodiments, step (iii) iscarried out a temperature between about −20° C. and about 25° C. Instill other embodiments, step (iii) is carried out a temperature betweenabout 25° C. and about 60° C.

In some embodiments of step (iii), the reaction is performed in thepresence of an inorganic base. In some embodiments, the inorganic baseis an alkali metal bicarbonate or alkali metal carbonate salt. In otherembodiments, the inorganic base is sodium bicarbonate.

In some embodiments of step (iii), the reaction is performed in thepresence of an organic base. In some embodiments, the organic base istriethylamine, tributylamine, diisopropylethylamine,dimethylisopropylamine, N-methylmorpholine, N-methylpyrrolidine,N-methylpiperidine, pyridine, 2-methylpyridine, 2,6-dimethylpyridine,4-dimethylaminopyridine, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene or 1, 5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]undec-7-ene.In other embodiments, the organic base is triethylamine,diisopropylethylamine, N-methylmorpholine, or pyridine.

In other embodiments of step (iii), the reaction is performed in theabsence of a base.

4.3. Method of Synthesis of 1-(Acyloxy)-Alkyl Carbamates

In another aspect, a method of synthesizing a 1-(acyloxy)-alkylcarbamate compound of Formula (III) is provided:

comprising:

(i) contacting a compound of Formula (IV) and a compound of Formula (V)to provide a compound of Formula (VI);

(ii) contacting the compound of Formula (VI) with a carboxylate compoundof Formula (VII) to provide an acyloxyalkyl thiocarbonate compound ofFormula (VIII);

(iii) contacting the thiocarbonate compound of Formula (VIII) with anoxidant (IX), in the presence of an N-hydroxysuccinimide compound ofFormula (X) to afford the compound of Formula (I); and

(iv) contacting the compound of Formula (I) with a primary or secondaryamine-containing drug of Formula (II) to afford a compound of Formula(III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvatethereof;

wherein HNR⁷R⁸ is a primary or secondary amine-containing drug, and eachof X, B₁ ⁺, B₂+, and R¹ to R⁶ are as described in Section 4.2.

Exemplary embodiments for X, B₁ ⁺, B₂+, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ havebeen described in Section 4.2, above. Exemplary reaction conditions forthe first three steps of the above method (i.e., molar ratio ofreactants, reaction temperature, solvents, etc.) have also beendescribed in Section 4.2 above.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the followingembodiments, infra, refer to this method of synthesizing a1-(acyloxy)-alkyl carbamate compound of Formula (III).

Examples of drugs HNR⁷R⁸ which contain primary or secondary amine groupsinclude, but are not limited to, acebutalol, albuterol, alprenolol,atenolol, bunolol, bupropion, butopamine, butoxamine, carbuterol,cartelolol, colterol, deterenol, dexpropanolol, diacetolol, dobutamine,exaprolol, exprenolol, fenoterol, fenyripol, labotolol, levobunolol,metolol, metaproterenol, metoprolol, nadolol, pamatolol, penbutalol,pindolol, pirbuterol, practolol, prenalterol, primidolol, prizidilol,procaterol, propanolol, quinterenol, rimiterol, ritodrine, solotol,soterenol, sulfiniolol, sulfinterol, sulictidil, tazaolol, terbutaline,timolol, tiprenolol, tipridil, tolamolol, thiabendazole, albendazole,albutoin, alendronate, alinidine, alizapride, amiloride, aminorex,aprinocid, cambendazole, cimetidine, cisapride, clonidine,cyclobenzadole, delavirdine, efegatrin, etintidine, fenbendazole,fenmetazole, flubendazole, fludorex, gabapentin, icadronate,lobendazole, mebendazole, metazoline, metoclopramide, methylphenidate,mexiletine, neridronate, nocodazole, oxfendazole, oxibendazole,oxmetidine, pamidronate, parbendazole, pramipexole, prazosin,pregabalin, procainamide, ranitidine, tetrahydrazoline, tiamenidine,tinazoline, tiotidine, tocainide, tolazoline, tramazoline,xylometazoline, dimethoxyphenethylamine,n-[3(R)-[2-piperidin-4-yl)ethyl]-2-piperidone-1-yl]acetyl-3(R)-methyl-β-alanine-adrenolone,aletamine, amidephrine, amphetamine, aspartame, bamethan, betahistine,carbidopa, clorprenaline, chlortermine, dopamine, L-dopa, ephrinephrine,etryptamine, fenfluramine, methyidopamine, norepinephrine, enviroxime,nifedipine, nimodipine, triamterene, pipedemic acid and similarcompounds, 1-ethyl -6-fluoro-1 ,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-1,8-napthyridine-3-acid and1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylicacid, the prubicin, deoxyspergualin, seglitide, nebracetam, benanomicinB, eremomycin, thrazarine, tosufloxacin, baogongteng A, angiopeptin,boholmycin, ravidomycin, tageflar, orienticins, amphotericin B,tiamdipine, doxorubicin, lysobactin, mofegiline, octreotide, oxolide,amikacin, phospholine, nuvanil, cispentacin, chlorotetain, remacemide,ramoplanins, janthinomycins, mersacidin, droxidopa, helvecardin A,helvecardin B, rilmazafone, vigabatrin, amlodipine, (R)-(+)-amlodipine,mideplanin, milnacipran, pranedipine, olradipine, deoxymethylspergualin,fudosteine, trovafloxacin, ceranapril, restricticin, idarubicin,arbekacin, giracodazole, poststatin, pazufloxacin, D-cycloserine,ovothiol A, ceftizoxime, icatibant, p-iodorubidazone, aladapcin,dalargin, seproxetine, pradimicin E, pradimicin FA-2, tafenoquine,sampatrilat, ruboxyl, dactimicin, alatrofloxacin, galarubicin,metaraminol, exatecan, squalamine, paromomycin, leustroducsin A,leustroducsin B, leustroducsin C, lanicemine, azoxybacilin,tetrafibricin, pixantrone, ziconotide, garomefrine, spinorphin,doripenem, alestramustine, seraspenide, safingol, aminolevulinic acid,pelagiomicin C, styloguanidine, L-4-oxalysine, eglumegad, rhodopeptins,mycestericin E, midaxifylline, anisperimus, lagatide, ibutamoren,oritavancin, ecenofloxacin, metyrosine, methyldopa, baclofen,tranylcypromine, micronomicin, zorubicin, epirubicin, gilatide,epithalon, cystamine, pluraflavin A, pluraflavin B, pasireotide,caprazamycin, barusiban, spisulosine, 21-aminoepothilone B, capsavanil,olcegepant, sulphostin, lobophorin A, papuamide A, papuamide B,cystocin, deoxynegamycin, galnon, pyloricidin B, brasilicardin A,neramexane, kaitocephalin, icofungipen, aliskiren, capromorelin,histaprodifen, donitriptan, cambrescidins, tipifamib, tabimorelin,belactosin A, belactosin C, circinamide, targinine, sulphazocine,nepicastat, oseltamivir, hydrostatin A, butabindide, netamiftide,memantine, fluvoxamine, deferoxamine, tranexamic acid, fortimicin A,cefaclor, lisinopril, ubestatin, cefminox, aspoxicillin, cefcanel,cefcanel daloxate, olamufloxacin, R-(+)-aminoindane, gemifloxacin,kahalalide F, palau'amine, examorelin, leustroducsin H, sabarubicin,amifostine, L-homothiocitrulline, L-thiocitrulline, impentamine,neboglamine, amselamine, cetefloxacin, cyclothialidine, fluvirucin B2,loracarbef, cefprozil, sperabillins, milacainide, avizafone,α-methyltryptophan, cytaramycin, lanomycin, decaplanin, eflornithine,L-histidinol, tuftsin, kanamycin, amthamine, sitafloxacin, leurubicin,amantadine, isodoxorubicin, gludopa, bactobolin, esafloxacin,tabilautide, lazabemide, enalkiren, amrubicin, daunorubicin,mureidomycins, pyridazomycin, cimaterol, (+)-isamoltan,N-desmethylmilameline, noberastine, fosopamine, adaprolol, pradimicin B,amosulalol, xamoterol, boholmycin, risotilide, indeloxazine, denopamine,parodilol, utibapril, nardeterol, biemnidin, sparfloxacin, sibanomicin,tianeptine, oberadilol, methoctramine, sezolamide, anabasine,zilpaterol, zabiciprilat, enkastins, ulifloxacin, (+)-sotalol,deoxynojirimycin, altromycin A, altromycin C, dorzolamide, fepradinol,delapril, ciprofloxacin, balofloxacin, mepindolol, berlafenone,ramipril, dopexamine, dilevalol, (−)-nebivolol, duramycin, enalapril,meluadrine, zelandopam, voglibose, sertraline, carvedilol, pafenolol,paroxetine, fluoxetine, phendioxan, saimeterol, solpecainol, repinotan,bambuterol, safinamide, tilisolol, 7-oxostaurosporine, caldaret,sertraline, cilazapril, benazepril, prisotinol, gatifloxacin, ovothiolB, adaprolol, tienoxolol, fluparoxan, alprenoxime, efegatran,pradimicin, salbostatin, ersentilide, (S)-noremopamil, esperamicin A1,batoprazine, ersentilide, osutidine, quinapril, dihydrexidine,argiopine, pradimicin D, frovatriptan, hispidospermidin, silodosin,michellamine B, sibenadet, tetrindol, talibegron, topixantrone,nortopixantrone, tecalcet, buteranol, α-methylepinephrine, nornicotine,thiofedrine, lenapenem, imidapril, epibatidine, premafloxacin,socorromycin, trandolapril, tamsulosin, dirithromycin, inogatran,vicenistatin, immepyr, immepip, balanol, orbifloxacin, maropitant,dabelotine, lerisetron, ertapenem, nolomirole, moxifloxacin, vofopitant,halofuginone, melagatran, ximelagatran, fasudil, isofagomine,pseudoephedrine, propafenone, celiprolol, carteolol, penbutolol,labetalol, acebutolol, reproterol, rimoterol, amoxapine, maprotiline,viloxazine, protriptyline, nortriptyline, desipramine, oxprenolol,propranolol, ketamine, butofilolol, flecainide, tulobuterol, befunolol,immucillin-H, vestipitant, cinacalcet, lapatinib, desloratadine,ladostigil, vildagliptin, tulathromycin B, becampanel, salbutamol,delucemine, solabegron, paroxetine, gaboxadol, telavancin, ralfinamide,tomoxetine, dalbavancin, elarofiban, ferulinolol, fenoldopam,sumanirole, sarizotan, brinzolamide, pradofloxacin, garenoxacin,reboxetine, ezlopitant, palindore, nebivolol, dinapsoline, proxodolol,repinotan, demexiptiline, mitoxantrone, norfloxacin, dilevalol,nipradilol, esmolol, ibopamine, troxipide, arotinolol, formoterol,bopindolol, cloranolol, mefloquine, perindopril, mabuterol, bisoprolol,bevantolol, betaxolol, tertatolol, enoxacin, lotrafiban, moexipril,droxinavir, adrogolide, alniditan, tigecycline, lubazodone, meropenem,temocapril, napsamycins, (−)-cicloprolol, ecteinascidins, alprafenone,landiolol, tirofiban, noberastine, rasagiline, setazindol, picumeterol,arbutamine, mecamylamine, delfaprazine, imidapril, midafotel,manzamines, binospirone, duloxetine, litoxetine. Other secondary orprimary amine drugs HNR⁷R⁸ are described in various compendia accessibleto the skilled artisan, such as, for example, the Merck Index, 13^(th)Edition, 2001 or the Physicians Desk Reference, 59^(th) Edition, 2005.Accordingly, secondary or primary amine drugs HNR⁷R⁸ described inreferences such as those, supra, are within the ambit of the presentdescription.

In some embodiments, HNR⁷R⁸ is alendronate, amifostine, rac-baclofen,R-baclofen, carbidopa, clonidine, ciprofloxacin, cisapride,daunorubicin, doxorubicin, fenoldopam, fenoterol, gabapentin,gentamycin, kanamycin, levodopa, meropenem, metazoline, neomycin,pamidronate, pregabalin, tobramycin, trovafloxacin or vigabatrin. Inother embodiments, HNR⁷R⁸ is gabapentin. In still other embodiments,HNR⁷R⁸ is R-baclofen. In still other embodiments, HNR⁷R⁸ is a GABAanalog as defined herein.

In some embodiments, R² and R³ in the compound of Formula (III) aredifferent, such that the carbon atom to which R² and R³ are attached isa stereogenic center.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (X) is chiral andnon-racemic.

In some embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ in the compound of Formula (X) are eachbenzoyloxy, the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ is attached isof the R-configuration and the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁶is attached is of the R-configuration. In other embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶in the compound of Formula (X) are each benzoyloxy, the stereochemistryat the carbon to which R⁵ is attached is of the S-configuration, and thestereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁶ is attached is of theS-configuration.

In some embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ in the compound of Formula (X) are eachisobutyroyloxy, the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ isattached is of the R-configuration, and the stereochemistry at thecarbon to which R⁶ is attached is of the R-configuration. In otherembodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ in the compound of Formula (X) are eachisobutyroyloxy, the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ isattached is of the S-configuration and the stereochemistry at the carbonto which R⁶ is attached is of the S-configuration.

In some embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ in the compound of Formula (X) are eachpivaloyloxy, the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ is attachedis of the R-configuration, and the stereochemistry at the carbon towhich R⁶ is attached is of the R-configuration. In other embodiments, R⁵and R⁶ in the compound of Formula (X) are each pivaloyloxy, thestereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ is attached is of theS-configuration, and the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁶ isattached is of the S-configuration.

In some embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ in the compound of Formula (X) are eachC₁₋₄ alkyl-substituted benzoyloxy, the stereochemistry at the carbon towhich R⁵ is attached is of the R-configuration and the stereochemistryat the carbon to which R⁶ is attached is of the R-configuration. Inother embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ in the compound of Formula (X) are eachC₁₋₄ alkyl-substituted benzoyloxy, the stereochemistry at the carbon towhich R⁵ is attached is of the S-configuration, and the stereochemistryat the carbon to which R¹ is attached is of the S-configuration.

In some embodiments, R² and R³ in the compound of Formula (III) aredifferent and the compound of Formula (I) comprises substantially onediastereomer.

In some embodiments, the drug HNR⁷R⁸ is a GABA analog of Formula (XI):

wherein:

R¹⁰ and R¹³ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl,substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substitutedheteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl and substituted heteroarylalkyl; and

R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, acyl, substituted acyl, aryl,substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl,substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl,heteroarylalkyl and substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally, R¹¹ andR¹² together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form acycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl or substitutedcycloheteroalkyl ring.

In some embodiments, the drug HNR⁷R⁸ is gabapentin, wherein R¹⁰ and R¹³in Formula (XI) are each hydrogen, and where R¹¹ and R¹² together withthe carbon atom to which they are attached form a cyclohexyl ring.

In some embodiments, R¹ is isopropyl, R² is methyl, R³ is hydrogen, R⁴is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen and HNR⁷R⁸is gabapentin.

In some embodiment, the drug HNR⁷R⁸ is baclofen, wherein R¹⁰, R¹² andR¹³ in Formula (XI) are each hydrogen, and where R¹¹ is 4-chlorophenyl.In other embodiments, the drug HNR⁷R⁸ is R-baclofen, wherein R¹⁰, R¹²and R¹³ in Formula (XI) are each hydrogen, R¹¹ is 4-chlorophenyl, andthe stereochemistry at the carbon to which R¹¹ and R¹² are attached isof the R-configuration.

In some embodiments, R¹ is isopropyl, R² is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen,R⁴ is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, R⁵ and R⁶ are each benzoyloxy andHNR⁷R⁸ is R-baclofen. In other embodiments, the compound of Formula (I)comprises substantially one diastereomer, wherein R¹ is isopropyl, R² isisopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, and the stereochemistry at the carbon towhich R² and R³ are attached is of the S-configuration. In otherembodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is substantially onediastereomer, wherein R¹ is isopropyl, R² is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen,and the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R² and R³ are attached isof the R-configuration.

In some embodiments, R¹ is isopropyl, R² is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen,R⁴ is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, R⁵ and R⁶ are each isobutyryloxy andHNR⁷R⁸ is R-baclofen. In other embodiments, the compound of Formula (I)is substantially one diastereomer, wherein R¹ is isopropyl, R² isisopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, and the stereochemistry at the carbon towhich R² and R³ are attached is of the S-configuration. In still otherembodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is substantially onediastereomer, wherein R¹ is isopropyl, R² is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen,and the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R² and R³ are attached isof the R-configuration.

In some embodiments, R¹ is isopropyl, R² is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen,R⁴ is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, R⁵ and R⁶ are each pivaloyloxy andHNR⁷R⁸ is R-baclofen. In other embodiments, the compound of Formula (I)is substantially one diastereomer, wherein R¹ is isopropyl, R² isisopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, and the stereochemistry at the carbon towhich R² and R³ are attached is of the S-configuration. In still otherembodiments, the compound of Formula (I) comprises substantially onediastereomer, wherein R¹ is isopropyl, R² is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen,and the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R² and R³ are attached isof the R-configuration.

In some embodiments, R¹ is isopropyl, R² is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen,R⁴ is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, R⁵ and R⁶ are each C₁₋₄alkyl-substituted benzoyloxy and HNR⁷R⁸ is R-baclofen. In otherembodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is substantially onediastereomer, wherein R¹ is isopropyl, R² is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen,and the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R² and R³ are attached isof the S-configuration. In still other embodiments, the compound ofFormula (I) is substantially one diastereomer, wherein R¹ is isopropyl,R² is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, and the stereochemistry at the carbonto which R² and R³ are attached is of the R-configuration.

In some embodiments, HNR⁷R⁸ is R-baclofen, R⁴ is methyl, ethyl ortert-butyl, and the compound of Formula (I) is substantially onediastereomer, wherein R¹ is isopropyl, R² is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen,R⁵ and R⁶ are each benzoyloxy, the stereochemistry at the carbon towhich R² and R³ are attached is of the S-configuration, thestereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ is attached is of theR-configuration, and the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁶ isattached is of the R-configuration. In other embodiments, HNR⁷R⁸ isR-baclofen, R⁴ is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl and the compound ofFormula (I) is substantially one diastereomer, wherein R¹ is isopropyl,R² is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, R⁵ and R⁶ are each benzoyloxy, thestereochemistry at the carbon to which R² and R³ are attached is of theR-configuration, the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ isattached is of the S-configuration and the stereochemistry at the carbonto which R⁶ is attached is of the S-configuration.

In some embodiments, HNR⁷R⁸ is R-baclofen, R⁴ is methyl, ethyl ortert-butyl, and the compound of Formula (I) comprises substantially onediastereomer, wherein R¹ is isopropyl, R² is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen,R⁵ and R⁶ are each isobutyroyloxy, the stereochemistry at the carbon towhich R²and R³ are attached is of the S-configuration, thestereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ is attached is of theS-configuration, and the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁶ isattached is of the S-configuration. In other embodiments, HNR⁷R⁸ isR-baclofen, R⁴ is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, and the compound ofFormula (I) is substantially one diastereomer, wherein R¹ is isopropyl,R² is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, R⁵ and R⁶ are each isobutyroyloxy, thestereochemistry at the carbon to which R² and R³ are attached is of theR-configuration, the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ isattached is of the R-configuration and the stereochemistry at the carbonto which R⁶ is attached is of the R-configuration.

In some embodiments, fourth step of the above method is preferablycarried out in a solvent. Solvents useful in step (iv) include, but arenot limited to, acetone, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, dichloroethane,chloroform, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethylformamide,dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone, dimethyl sulfoxide, pyridine,ethyl acetate, methyl tert-butyl ether, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol,tert-butanol, water, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, thesolvent is acetone, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, toluene,tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, methyl tert-butyl ether, methanol, ethanol,isopropanol, water, or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, thesolvent is a mixture of acetonitrile and water. In still otherembodiments, the solvent is a mixture of acetonitrile and water, with avolume ratio of acetonitrile to water from about 1:5 to about 5:1. Instill other embodiments, the solvent is a mixture of methyl tert-butylether and water. In still other embodiments, the solvent is a mixture ofmethyl tert-butyl ether and water, with a volume ratio of methyltert-butyl ether to water from about 20:1 to about 2:1. In still otherembodiments, the solvent is a mixture of methyl tert-butyl ether andwater, wherein the methyl tert-butyl ether contains from about 10% toabout 50% acetone by volume. In still other embodiments, the solvent isdichloromethane, water or a combination thereof. In still otherembodiments, the solvent is a biphasic mixture of dichloromethane andwater. In still other embodiments, the solvent is a biphasic mixture ofdichloromethane and water containing from about 0.001 equivalents toabout 0.1 equivalents of a phase transfer catalyst. In some embodiments,the phase transfer catalyst is a tetraalkylammonium salt. In otherembodiments, the phase transfer catalyst is a tetrabutylammonium salt.

In some embodiments, step (iv) is carried out at a temperature betweenabout −20° C. and about 40° C. In other embodiments, the temperature ofstep (iv) is between about −20° C. and about 25° C. In still otherembodiments, the temperature of step (iv) is between about 0° C. andabout 25° C. In still other embodiments, the temperature of step (iv) isbetween about 25° C. and about 40° C.

In some embodiments of step (iv), the reaction is performed in theabsence of a base.

In other embodiments of step (iv), the reaction is performed in thepresence of an inorganic base. In some embodiments, the inorganic baseis an alkali metal bicarbonate or alkali metal carbonate salt. In otherembodiments, the inorganic base is sodium bicarbonate.

In some embodiments of step (iv), the reaction is performed in thepresence of an organic base. In some embodiments, the organic base istriethylamine, tributylamine, diisopropylethylamine, dimethylisopropylamine, N-methylmorpholine, N-methylpyrrolidine,N-methylpiperidine, pyridine, 2-methylpyridine, 2,6-dimethylpyridine,4-dimethylaminopyridine, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene or 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]undec-7-ene.In other embodiments, the organic base is triethylamine,diisopropylethylamine, N-methylmorpholine or pyridine.

In another aspect, a method of synthesizing a 1-(acyloxy)-alkylcarbamate compound of Formula (III) is provided:

which comprises contacting a compound of Formula (I) with a primary orsecondary amine-containing drug of Formula (II) to afford a compound ofFormula (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvatethereof;

wherein HNR⁷R⁸ is a primary or secondary amine-containing drug asdescribed above and R¹ to R⁶ are as described in Section 4.2.

Exemplary embodiments for HNR⁷R⁸, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ have beeneither described above or in Section 4.2. Exemplary reaction conditionsfor the above method (i.e., molar ratio of reactants, reactiontemperature, solvents, eic.) have also been described above.

In some embodiments, HNR⁷R⁸ is not a pseudomycin or pseudomycin analogor derivative as disclosed in Chen et al., International Publication No.WO 01/05183.

5. EXAMPLES

The invention is further defined by reference to the following examples,which describe in detail the preparation of 1-(acyloxy)-alkylN-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbonates and illustrate methods of synthesizing1-(acyloxy)-alkyl carbamate prodrugs. It will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art that many modifications, both to materials andmethods, may be practiced without departing from the scope of theinvention.

In the examples below, the following abbreviations have the followingmeanings. If an abbreviation is not defined, it has its generallyaccepted meaning.

-   -   Atm=atmosphere    -   Boc=tert-butyloxycarbonyl    -   Cbz=carbobenzyloxy    -   DCC=dicyclohexylcarbodiimide    -   DMAP=4—N,N-dimethylaminopyridine    -   DMF=N,N-dimethylformamide    -   DMSO=dimethylsulfoxide    -   g=gram    -   h=hour    -   HPLC=high pressure liquid chromatography    -   L=liter    -   LC/MS=liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy    -   M=molar    -   min minute    -   mL=milliliter    -   mmol=millimoles    -   NHS=N-hydroxysuccinimide    -   TH F=tetrahydrofuran    -   TFA=trifluoroacetic acid    -   TLC=thin layer chromatography    -   TMS=trimethylsilyl    -   μL=microliter    -   μM=micromolar    -   v/v=volume to volume

5.1 Example 1 O-(1-Chloroethyl) S-Methyl Thiocarbonate (1)

A solution of methanethiol (170 g, 3.5 mol) and 1-chloroethylchloroformate (386 mL, 502 g, 3.5 mol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 L) was cooled to 0°C. in an ice-water bath. N-Methylmorpholine (388 mL, 357 g, 3.53 mol)was added dropwise over a period of 1 h and the reaction mixture wasallowed to stir at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture wasdiluted with CH₂Cl₂ (2 L), washed with water (1 L), saturatedbicarbonate solution (1 L) and brine (1 L), then dried over anhydroussodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue waspurified by vacuum distillation (95° C./20 Torr) to provide the titlecompound (1) as colorless liquid (510 g, 94% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400MHz): δ 1.82 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 6.57 (q, J=5.2 Hz, 1H).

In an alternative synthesis of (1) a solution of methanethiol (170 g,3.53 mol) and 1-chloroethyl chloroformate (505 g, 3.53 mol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1L) was cooled to 0-4° C. in a ice-water bath. To the mixture was added asolution of triethylamine (357.6 g, 3.53 mol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 L) dropwiseover 2 h. The reaction was removed from the ice bath and stirred atambient temperature for 2 h. The reaction was washed with water (3×1 L),the organic phase was separated, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfateand concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by vacuumdistillation to afford the product as a colorless liquid (500 g, 91.5%).

In another alternative synthesis of (1), a 21% (w/w) aqueous solution ofsodium methylthiolate (580.7 g, 1.74 mol) was added to a solution of1-chloroethyl chloroformate (250 g, 1.74 mol) and tetrabutylammoniumhydrogensulfate (5.9 g, 17 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (450 mL) over 2 h. Thereaction mixture was stirred for an additional hour, then worked-up byseparating the aqueous phase and extracting the organic phase with brine(2×250 mL). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfateand concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by vacuumdistillation to afford the product as a colorless liquid (277.3 g, 97%).

5.2 Example 2 O-(1-Chloroethyl) S-Ethyl Thiocarbonate (2)

A solution of 1-chloroethyl chloroformate (71.5 g, 0.5 mol) in diethylether (600 mL) was cooled to 0-4° C. in an ice-water bath and a solutionof ethanethiol (37 mL, 0.5 mol) and triethylamine (69.3 mL, 0.5 mol) indiethyl ether (200 mL) was added dropwise over 1 h. The reaction mixturewas removed from the ice bath and stirred at ambient temperature for 4h. Triethylamine hydrochloride was removed by filtration, the filtrateconcentrated under reduced pressure and the residue purified by vacuumdistillation (67-68° C. at 240 mTorr) to afford the title compound (2)as a colorless liquid (75 g, 89%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 1.35 (t,3H), 1.8 (d, 3H), 2.9 (dq, 2H), 6.

5.3 Example 3 O-(1-Chloroethyl) S-tert-Butyl Thiocarbonate (3)

A solution of tert-butyl thiol (180 g, 2 mol) and 1-chloroethylchloroformate (284 g, 2 mol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 L) was cooled to 0° C. in anice-water bath. N-Methylmorpholine (212.1 g, 2.1 mol) was added dropwiseover a period of 1 h and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir atroom temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with excessCH₂Cl₂ (2 L), washed with water (2×1 L), saturated bicarbonate solution(1 L) and brine (1 L), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered andconcentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by vacuum distillation(135° C./20 Torr) to provide the title compound (3) as a colorlessliquid (350 g, 89%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 1.50 (s, 9H), 1.79 (d,J=6 Hz, 3H), 6.57 (q, J=5.6 Hz, 1H).

5.4 Example 4 O-(1-Chloroethyl) S-Phenvl Thiocarbonate (4)

A solution of benzenethiol (50 g, 450 mmol) and 1-chloroethylchloroformate (65 g, 450 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (300 mL) was cooled to 0-4° C.in an ice-water bath. To the mixture was added a solution oftriethylamine (450 mmol) in dichloromethane (200 mL) dropwise over 30min. The reaction was removed from the ice bath and stirred at ambienttemperature for 12 h. The reaction was washed with water (3×500 mL), theorganic phase was separated, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate andconcentrated in vacuo to afford the product as a pale yellow liquid (96g, 98.5%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 1.82 (d, 3H), 6.6 (q, 1H), 7.2-7.4(m, 5H).

5.5 Example 5 Tetrabutylammonium Isobutyrate (5)

A 40 wt % solution of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in water (250 mL, 99g, 382 mmol), water (300 mL) and isobutyric acid (33.8 g, 382 mmol) wasstirred at ambient temperature for 30 min. The solvent was removed invacuo to afford the title compound (5) as a waxy solid, which was usedwithout further purification.

Alternatively, a 1 M solution of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide inmethanol (1 L, 1 mol) and isobutyric acid (88.5 g, 1 mol) was stirred atambient temperature for 30 min. The solvent was removed in vacuo toafford the title compound (5) as a waxy solid, which was used withoutfurther purification.

5.6 Example 6 O-(1-Isobutanovloxvethyl) S-Methyl Thiocarbonate (6)

Compound (1) (308 mg, 2 mmol) was dissolved in isobutyric acid (264 mg,3 mmol). This mixture was slowly added to a pre-mixed solution ofisobutyric acid (264 mg, 3 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (387 mg, 3mmol) and the reaction mixture heated to 55° C. for 16 h, diluted withether (50 mL), washed with water (2×10 mL), saturated bicarbonatesolution (2×10 mL) and brine (10 mL), then dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound(6) as colorless liquid (400 mg, 97%). The product was further purifiedby vacuum distillation (135° C./20 Torr). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ1.17 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H), 1.49 (d,J=5.6 Hz, 3H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.54 (m,1H), 6.91 (q, J=5.2 Hz, 1H).

In an alternative synthesis of (6), a solution of compound (1) (154.6 g,1 mol), isobutyric acid (1.53 mol), 40 wt % aqueous tetrabutylammoniumhydroxide (1 L, 1.53 mol), and tetrahydrofuran (500 mL) was stirred atambient temperature for 48 h. The reaction mixture was diluted withdiethyl ether (1 L) and washed with water (2×3 L). The organic phase wasseparated, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered andconcentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by vacuum distillation(135° C./20 Torr) to afford the product as a colorless liquid (150 g,73.5%).

5.7 Example 7 O-(1-Isobutanoyloxvethyl) S-Ethyl Thiocarbonate (7)

To a solution of tetrabutylammonium isobutyrate (5) (382 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (500 mL) was added compound (2) (49 g, 288 mmol). Themixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 h then the solventremoved in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in diethyl ether (600 mL),washed with water (3×300 mL) and the organic phase was separated, driedover anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo.The residue was purified by vacuum distillation (60° C./240 mTorr) toafford the product (7) as a colorless liquid (40 g, 63%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃,400 MHz): δ 1.2 (d, 6H), 1.35 (t, 3H), 1.5 (d, 3H), 1.55 (m, 1H), 2.85(dq, 2H), 6.95 (q, 1H).

5.8 Example 8 O-(1-Isobutanoyloxvethyl) S-tert-Butyl Thiocarbonate (8)

Compound (3) (392 mg, 2 mmol) was dissolved in isobutyric acid (264 mg,3 mmol) and the solution was slowly added to a pre-mixed solution ofisobutyric acid (264 mg, 3 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (387 mg, 3mmol). The reaction mixture was heated to 55° C. for 16 h, then dilutedwith ether (50 mL), washed with water (2×10 mL), saturated bicarbonatesolution (2×10 mL) and brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound(8) as a colorless liquid (450 mg, 90%). The product was furtherpurified by vacuum distillation (170° C./20 Torr). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400MHz): δ 1.16 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 6H), 1.47 (s, 9H), 1.48 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 3H),2.53 (m, 1H), 6.90 (q, J=5.2 Hz, 1H).

5.9 Example 9 O-(1-Isobutanovloxyethyl) S-Phenvl Thiocarbonate (9)

A mixture of compound (4) (10 g, 46 mmol), isobutyric acid (30 mL),triethylamine (30 mL) and sodium iodide (2 g) was stirred and heated inan oil bath at 50° C. for 3 days. The reaction mixture was deluted withdiethyl ether (200 mL) and washed successively with water (3×100 mL),saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2×100 mL) and 0.1 M aqueouspotassium bisulfate (2×100 mL). The organic phase was separated, thendried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated invacuo to give the title compound (9) as a pale yellow liquid (12 g,97%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 1.2 (d, 6H), 1.5 (d, 3H), 2.55 (m, 1H),6.95 (q, 1H), 7.4-7.5 (m, 5H).

5.10 Example 10 1(1-Isobutanoyloxyethoxy)carbonyloxyl Succinimide (10)

To a solution of compound (6) (1 g, 4.8 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) wasadded N-hydroxysuccinimide (1.1 g, 9.5 mmol) and the reaction mixturecooled to 0° C. A solution of 32% (v/v) peracetic acid in acetic acid(3.4 mL, 1.1 g, 14.4 mmol) was added dropwise over a period of 10 min,then the solution allowed to stir at room temperature for 3 h. Thereaction mixture was diluted with ether (50 mL) and washed with water(2×10 mL), saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (10 mL) and brine (10mL), then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentratedin vacuo to give the title compound (10) as a as colorless oil (1 g,77%). After trituration with hexane (20 mL) the product solidified to awhite solid. m.p: 50-54° C. 1H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 1.17 (d, J=6.8Hz, 6H), 1.56 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 3H), 2.55 (m, 1H), 2.82 (s, 4H), 6.80 (q,J=5.2Hz, 1H). MS (ESI) m/z 296.4 (M+Na)⁺.

In an alternative synthesis of (10), N-hydroxysuccinimide (558 mg, 4.8mmol) was added to a solution of compound (6) (500 mg, 2.4 mmol) inCH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and the reaction mixture cooled to 0° C.m-Chloroperbenzoic acid (1.62 g, 7.2 mmol, commercial grade: 77% inwater) was added over a period of 10 min and the mixture allowed to stirat room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was diluted withether (50 mL) and washed with water (2×10 mL), saturated sodiumbicarbonate solution (10 mL) and brine (10 mL). The organic layer wasdried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuoto give the title compound (10) together with m-chlorobenzoic acid. Thecrude product mixture was purified by column chromatography on silicagel, eluting with 4:6 EtOAc:hexane. Residual m-chlorobenzoic acid wasremoved by repeated crystallizations from a mixture of tert-butyl methylether and hexane, resulting in analytically pure product (66 mg, 10%).

In an alternative synthesis of (10), a 500-mL, three-neck flask equippedwith a mechanical stirrer, teflon-coated thermocouple and a nitrogeninlet was charged with compound (6) (16.6 g, 0.08 mol),N-hydroxysuccinimde (11.04 g, 0.096 mol), magnesium monoperoxyphthalate(80% technical grade; 110 g, ˜2.3 equivalent of active oxidant) andCH₂Cl₂ (180 mL). The resulting white suspension was stirred for 5 h at20-25° C. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filter-cake wasslurried and washed with CH₂Cl₂ (3×300 mL). The slurry was filtered andthe organic phase was washed with water (300 mL). The organic layer wasthen stirred twice with 20% aq. K₂CO₃ solution (2×300 mL) for 10 min toremove phthalic acid, and finally with brine (300 mL). The organic layerwas dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to give the titlecompound (10) as a viscous product (18.0 g, 82%) which solidified onstanding.

In another alternative synthesis of (10), a solution of trifluoroaceticanhydride (2 mL, 14.5 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added to a stirredsuspension of urea-hydrogen peroxide complex (2.74 g, 29.1 mmol) andsodium bicarbonate (4 g, 48.5 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (80 mL) under anitrogen atmosphere at 0C. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at0° C. for 30 min. N-Hydroxysuccinimide (1.1 g , 9.7 mmol) was added tothe reaction mixture at 0° C., followed by the addition of a solution ofcompound (6) (1 g, 4.85 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL), then the reactionmixture was warmed to ambient temperature with stirring for 16 h. Thereaction mixture was decanted and the solvent was removed in vacuo. Thecolorless residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (100 mL) and washedwith water (1×50 mL) and brine (1×50 mL). The organic layers were pooledand dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and the solvent was removedin vacuo to afford the title compound (10) as a clear oil (1 g, 75%),which solidified after pumping under high vacuum.

In another alternative synthesis of (10), a solution of acetic anhydride(2 mL) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added to a stirred suspension ofurea-hydrogen peroxide complex (2.74 g, 29.1 mmol) and sodiumbicarbonate (4 g, 48.5 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (80 mL) under anitrogen atmosphere at 0° C. The resulting mixture was allowed to stirat 0° C. for 30 min. N-Hydroxysuccinimide (1.1 g , 9.7 mmol) was addedto the reaction mixture at 0° C., followed by the addition of a solutionof compound (6) (1 g, 4.85 mmol) in CH₂C1₂ (10 mL), then the reactionmixture was stirred at 40° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture wasdecanted and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The colorless residue wasdissolved in ethyl acetate (100 mL) and washed with water (1×50 mL) andbrine (1×50 mL). The organic layers were pooled and dried over anhydrousmagnesium sulfate and the solvent was removed in vacuo to afford thetitle compound (10) as a clear oil which solidified after pumping underhigh vacuum.

In another alternative synthesis of (10), to a well-stirred suspensionof urea-hydrogen peroxide complex (47 g, 0.5 mol) andN-hydroxysuccinimide (13.8 g, 0.12 mol) in dichloromethane (100 mL) wasadded solid maleic anhydride (29.4 g, 0.3 mol). The mixture was stirredat room temperature for 15 min and then a solution of compound (6) (20.6g, 0.1 mol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) was added slowly over a period of15 min. The reaction proceeded with an exotherm that could be controlledby using a water bath for cooling. The reaction mixture was stirred at20-25° C. for 4 h, during which time a white precipitate formed. Thereaction mixture was diluted with water (200 mL) and the phasesseparated. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (200mL), the combined organic layers were washed with brine (200 mL) anddried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed in vacuo to affordthe title compound (10) as a white crystalline solid (20.0 g, 73%yield).

In still another alternative synthesis of (10), N-hydroxysuccinimide(2.3 g, 20 mmol) was added to a solution of compound (8) (1 g, 4 mmol)in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and the reaction mixture cooled to 0° C. A solution of32% (v/v) peracetic acid in acetic acid (0.92 g, 12 mmol) was addeddropwise over a period of 10 min, then the solution was allowed to stirat room temperature for 3 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with ether(50 mL) and washed with water (2×10 mL), saturated sodium bicarbonatesolution (10 mL) and brine (10 mL), then dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound(10) as a as colorless oil (0.9 g, 81%). After trituration with hexane(20 mL) the product solidified to provide a white solid.

In still another alternative synthesis of (10), N-hydroxysuccinimide(230 mg, 2 mmol) was added to a solution of compound (8) (248 mg, 1mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added and the reaction mixture cooled to 0°C. m-Chloroperbenzoic acid (670 mg, 3 mmol, commercial grade: 77% inwater) was added over a period of 10 min and the mixture allowed to stirat room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was diluted withether (50 mL) and washed with water (2×10 mL), saturated sodiumbicarbonate solution (10 mL) and brine (10 mL). The organic layer wasdried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuoto give the title compound (10) together with m-chlorobenzoic acid. Thecrude product mixture was purified by column chromatography on silicagel, eluting with 4:6 EtOAc:hexane. Residual m-chlorobenzoic acid wasremoved by repeated crystallizations from a mixture of tert-butyl methylether and hexane which resulted in analytically pure product (30 mg,11%).

In still another alternative synthesis of (10), a 500-mL three-neckflask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, teflon-coated thermocouple andaddition funnel was charged with compound (8) (20.6 g, 0.1 mol),N-hydroxysuccinimde (23.0 g, 0.2 mol) and CH₂Cl₂ (80 mL). The reactionmixture was cooled to 0° C. and peracetic acid (32% solution in aceticacid, 16.7 g, 55 mL, 0.22 mol) added dropwise to the reaction mixture ata rate such that the temperature remained below 5° C. Upon completion ofthe addition, the reaction mixture was stirred for 4.5 h, maintainingthe temperature at or below 15° C. The reaction mixture was then cooledto 0° C. and neutralized with 10% aqueous K₂CO₃ until the pH of thereaction mixture was ˜7. The mixture was then extracted with CH₂Cl₂(2×100 mL) and the combined CH₂Cl₂ phases were washed with brine anddried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The organic phase was thenconcentrated, affording the crude product as a white solid (20.2 g,75%). This solid was recrystallized by dissolution in isopropanol (41mL), warming the mixture to 40° C. to afford a homogeneous solution. Thesolution was cooled to 0° C. over two hours and the product was filteredand dried, resulting in recovery of the title compound (10) as a whitesolid (16 g, 79%) having a melting point of 54-56° C.

5.11 Example 11 Tetrabutylammonium 1-Aminomethyl-1-Cyclohexane Acetate(11)

A solution containing gabapentin (34.4 g, 200 mmol), a 1 M solution oftetrabutylammonium hydroxide in methanol (200 mL, 200 mmol), andadditional methanol (200 mL) was stirred at ambient temperature for 14h. The solvent was removed in vacuo, then toluene (200 mL) was added andevaporated under reduced pressure two times. The title compound (11) wasobtained as a thick syrup, and was further dried under high vacuum andused without further purification.

5.12 Example 12{[(1-Isobutanovioxyethoxy)carbonyl]aminomethyl}-1-Cyclohexane AceticAcid (12)

To a solution of gabapentin (1.7 g, 10 mmol) and sodium bicarbonate (20mmol) in water (40 mL) was added a solution of compound (10) (2.73 g, 10mmol) in acetonitrile (20 mL) over 1 min. The reaction was stirred atambient temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was diluted withdiethyl ether (100 mL) and washed with 0.1 M aqueous potassium bisulfate(3×100 mL). The organic phase was separated, dried over anhydrousmagnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford thetitle compound (12) as a white solid (2.7 g, 96%). The product wasrecrystallized by dissolution in 1:10 ethyl acetate: heptane (10 mL) at60° C., followed by slow cooling to 4° C. The white crystalline productwas isolated by filtration. Melting point: 63-64° C. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400MHz): 1.15 (d, 6H), 1.40-1.55 (m, 10H), 1.45 (d, 3H), 2.32 (s, 2H),2.49-2.56 (m, 1H), 3.23 (d, 2H), 5.41 (t, 1H), 6.75 (q, 1H). MS(ESI) m/z330.29(M+H⁺).

In an alternative synthesis of (12), a 1-L three-necked flask equippedwith a mechanical stirrer, nitrogen inlet and temperature probe wascharged with compound (10) (100 g, 0.36 mol), gabapentin (68.9 g, 0.40mol), methyl tert-butyl ether (300 mL) and water (30 mL). The suspensionwas stirred at room temperature and become a clear biphasic mixtureafter 1.5 h. After 6 h the phases were separated and the aqueous phaseextracted with additional methyl tert-butyl ether (400 mL). The organicphases were combined and washed with saturated brine solution (3×100mL). The clear organic phase was concentrated in vacuo to yield an oilthat crystallized overnight under high vacuum. The title compound (12)was collected as a white solid (120 g, 99.5% yield).

In an alternative synthesis of (12), a solution containing compound (11)(4.1 g, 10 mmol) and compound (10) (2.73 g, 10 mmol) in toluene (40 mL)was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture wasdiluted with diethyl ether (I 00 mL) and washed with 0.1 M aqueouspotassium bisulfate (3×100 mL). The organic phase was separated, driedover anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo toafford the title compound (12) as a white solid (2.6 g, 93%).

5.13 Example 13 Synthesis of O-(1-Isobutanoyloxyisobutoxy) S-MethylThiocarbonate (13) Step A:O-(1-Chloroisobutoxy) S-Methyl Thiocarbonate(14)

A solution of 1-chloro-2-methylpropyl chloroformate (1026 g, 6.0 mol)and tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate (20 g, 60 mmol) indichloromethane (1500 mL) in a jacketed 10 L reactor equipped with amechanical stirrer, temperature probe, and addition funnel was cooled to10° C. To the reaction mixture was gradually added a 15% aqueoussolution of sodium methylthiolate (3 L, 6.4 mol) over 4 h. The reactionwas moderately exothermic and the internal temperature was maintainedbetween 10 and 20° C. during the addition. The aqueous phase wasseparated and the organic phase was washed with brine (2×2 L) and water(2 L). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, andconcentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound (14)(1050 g, 5.76 mol, 96%) as a colorless liquid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz):δ 1.1 (dd, 6H), 2.2 (m, 1H), 2.4 (s, 31H), 6.35 (d, 1H).

Step B:Tetramethylammonium Isobutyrate (15)

To a 20 L round bottom flask was added isobutyric acid (1300 mL, 14mol), and an aqueous solution of 25% tetramethylammonium hydroxide (5 L,14 mol). The water was removed under reduced pressure, and azeotropedwith toluene (2×2 L) to leave the product (15) as an amber liquid, whichwas used without further purification.

Step C:O-(1-Isobutanoyloxvisobutoxy) S-Methyl Thiocarbonate (13)

To a 3 L three neck round bottom flask equipped with a mechanicalstirrer and teflon-coated thermocouple was added (15) (1672 g, 9 mol),isobutyric acid (264 g, 1.5 mol), and (14) (1050 g, 5.76 mol). Thereaction mixture was heated to 80° C. for 12 h, monitoring the reactionprogress by ¹H NMR. The reaction mixture was cooled to 20° C., dilutedwith EtOAc (1 L) and washed with water (2×1 L), saturated NaHCO₃ (1×2 L)and water (1 L). The organic phase was separated and concentrated underreduced pressure to afford the product (13) (905 g, 3.9 mol, 65%) as acolorless liquid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 1.0 (d, 6H), 1.2 (dd, 6H),2.05 (m, 1H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.6 (m, 1H), 6.7 (d, 1H).

5.14 Example 14 Synthesis of(1R)-1-[((3S,4S)-2,5-Dioxo-3,4-dibenzoylioxypyrrolidinyl)-oxycarbonyloxy]-2-methylpropyl2-methylpropanoate (16) StepA:(3S,4S)-2,5-Dioxo-3,4-dibenzoyloxy-3,4-dihydrofuran (17)

A suspension of 2,3-dibenzoyl-D-tartaric acid (100 g, 279 mmol) inacetic anhydride (300 mL) was stirred at 85° C. for 2 h then thereaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. Thecrystalline product was collected by filtration, washed with a mixtureof ether and hexane (1:1) and dried under vacuum to afford the titlecompound (17) (80 g, 84%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 5.99 (s, 2H), 7.50(m, 4H), 7.66 (m, 2H), 8.07 (m, 4H).

Step B:1-Hydroxy-(3S,4S)-2,5-Dioxo-3,4-dibenzoyloxypyrrolidine (18)

To a suspension of(17) (60 g, 176 mmol) in a mixture of acetonitrile andwater (8:1, 400 mL) at 0° C. was added a 50% aqueous solution ofhydroxylamine (13.0 mL, 211 mmol). The resulting suspension was stirredovernight at room temperature to obtain a clear solution. The bulk ofthe acetonitrile was removed by rotary evaporation and the residue wasportioned between ethyl acetate and water. The organic phase was washedsuccessively with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated in vacuo to afford the intermediate, 2,3-dibenzoyloxyD-tartaric acid mono-hydroxamate. This compound was suspended in tolueneheated under reflux for 2 h, then cooled to room temperature to form acrystalline solid. The product was collected by filtration, washed witha mixture of ether and hexane (1:1), and dried under vacuum to affordthe title compound (18) (58 g, 93%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 6.06 (s,2H), 7.50 (t, 4H), 7.65 (dt, 2H), 8.06 (m, 4H). MS (ESI) m/z 354.00(M−H)⁻.

StepC:(1R)-1-[((3S,4S)-2,5-Dioxo-3,4-dibenzovioxylvyrrolidinvl)-oxycarbonyloxy]-2-methylpropyl2-methylpropanoate(16)

To a stirred solution of compound (18) (35 g, 98.6 mmol ) andthiocarbonate (13) (34.6 g, 148 mmol) in dichloromethane at 0° C. wasdropwise added a 32% solution of peracetic acid (300 mmol) in aceticacid over 2 h. The reaction temperature was kept below 35° C. during theaddition of peracetic acid. After the addition was complete, thereaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Theresulting white precipitate was filtered and washed successively withwater, and a mixture of ether and hexane (1:2), then dried under vacuumto afford the crude title compound. This product was crystallized oncefrom a mixture of ethyl acetate and hexane (1:1) to afford the titlecompound (16) (13.7 g, 25%). The diastereomeric purity of the productwas determined to be 98.4% d.e. by HPLC using a chiral column. ¹H NMR(CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 1.06 (d, 6H), 1.22 (d, 3H), 1.22 (d, 3H), 2.20 (m,1H), 2.64 (hept. 1H), 6.01 (br. s, 2H), 6.64(d, 1H), 7.47 (m, 4H), 7.63(m, 2H), 8.07 (m, 4H).

5.15 Example 15 Synthesis of4-{[(1R)-Isobutanoyloxyisobutoxy]carbonylamino}-(3R)-(4-chlorophenyl)-butanoicAcid (19)

To a stirred suspension of (16) (11.7 g, 21.7 mmol) in a mixture of THFand water (10:1) (220 mL) at room temperature was added R-baclofen (4.78g, 22.5 mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred until thesuspension became a clear solution (ca. 2 h) then was concentrated invacuo to remove most of the solvent. The residue was partitioned betweenether and water, the ether layer was washed with water and brine, anddried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. After filtration and concentration invacuo, the crude product was obtained and then purified byflash-chromatography on silica gel, eluting with a gradient of 10-20%acetone in hexane. Crystallization from an acetone/hexane mixtureafforded the title compound (19) (8.22 g, 95% yield). The diastereomericpurity of the product was determined to be 99.9% d.e. by HPLC using achiral column. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 0.95 (d, 6H), 1.17 (d, 3H),1.18 (d, 3H), 1.99 (m, 1H), 255(hept. 1H), 2.64 (dd, 1H), 2.76 (dd, 1H),3.40 (m, 3H), 4.73 (br. t, 1H), 6.51 (d, 1H), 7.13(d, 2H), 7.27 (m, 2H).MS (ESI) m/z 398.50 (M−H)⁻.

5.16 Example 16 Synthesis of Sodium4-{[(1R)-isobutanoyloxyisobutoxy]carbonylamino}-(3R)-(4-chlorophenyl)-butanoate(20)

The carboxylic acid (19) was converted to the sodium salt by dissolutionin MeCN (0.5 mL) and then addition of aqueous NaHCO₃ (I eq.) withsonication for 15 min. The solvent was removed by lyophilization toafford the title compound (20). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz): δ 0.93 (d, 3H),0.94 (d, 3H), 1.94 (m, 1H), 1.08 (d, 3H), 1.10(d, 3H), 2.37-2.54 (m,3H), 3.31 (m, 3H), 6.43 (d, 1H), 7.23 (s, 4H). MS (ESI) m/z 398.57(M—Na)⁻.

5.17 Example 17 Synthesis of(1S)-1-[((3R,4R)-2,5-Dioxo-3,4-dibenzoyloxypyrrolidinyl)-oxycarbonyioxy]-2-methylpropyl2-methylpropanoate (21) StepA:(3R,4R)-2,5-Dioxo-3,4-dibenzoyloxy-3,4-dihydrofuran (22)

To a 3-necked 5 L round bottom flask fitted with a mechanical stirrerand a teflon coated thermocouple was added (−)-2,3-dibenzoyl-L-tartaricacid (1000 g, 2.79 mol) followed by acetic anhydride (2 L). Thesuspension was stirred and heated to 85° C. for 2 h during which timethe starting material gradually dissolved. A short time thereafter, theproduct began to crystallize in the reaction mixture and the suspensionwas then cooled to 25° C. The product was collected by filtration,washed with 10% acetone in hexane (2×1 L), and dried in a vacuum oven at50° C. overnight to afford the title compound (22) as a white solid. ¹HNMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 6.0 (s, 2H), 7.45 (app. t, 4H), 7.65 (app. t,2H), 8.05 (d, 4H).

Step B:1-Hydroxy-(3R,4R)-2,5-Dioxo-3,4-dibenzoyloxypyrrolidine (23)

To a 3-neck 5 L round bottom flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer anda teflon coated temperature probe was added (22) (2.79 mol) followed byacetonitrile (2 L). The suspension was cooled in an ice bath to 4° C.,followed by the addition of 50% aqueous hydroxylamine (180 mL, 2.93 mol)over 1 h. The starting material gradually dissolved during the additionand the reaction mixture was warmed to 20° C. and stirred for 1 h. Thereaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, diluted with EtOAc (1 L) andwashed with 1 N HCl (2×1 L). The organic phase was separated andconcentrated in vacuo to afford a viscous red syrup. The syrup was thenheated for two hours in toluene (2.5 L) at 100° C. with azeotropicremoval of water. The syrup gradually dissolved and then the productcrystallized. After cooling to room temperature the solid was collectedby filtration, washed with 10% acetone in hexane (2×1 L) and dried in avacuum oven to afford the title compound (23) (862 g, 2.43 mol, 87%) asa white solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 5.85 (s, 2H), 7.45 (app. t,4H), 7.65 (app t, 2H), 8.05 (m, 4H).

Step C:(1S)-1-[((3R,4R)-2,5-Dioxo-3,4-dibenzoyloxypyrrolidinyl)-oxycarbonyloxy]-2-methylpropyl2-methylpropanoate (21)

A 3 L three necked round bottom flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer,teflon coated temperature probe and an addition funnel was charged with(13) (234 g, 1 mol), (23) (330 g, 0.95 mol), and 1,2-dichloroethane(2200 mL). The reaction mixture was cooled under a nitrogen atmospherein an ice water bath to 15° C. To the stirred reaction mixture was addeda 39% solution of peracetic acid in dilute acetic acid (500 mL, 2.94mol) over 2 h, while maintaining the temperature between 15 and 22° C.This temperature was maintained for an additional 12 h during which timea white precipitate was formed. The reaction mixture was further cooledto 3-4° C., the product collected by filtration, and washed with hexane(2×1 L). The product was dried in vacuo, yielding the title compound(21) (128 g, 0.24 mol, 25%). The diastereomeric purity of the productwas determined to be >99% d.e. by HPLC using a chiral column. ¹H NMR(CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 1.0 (d, 6H), 1.2 (dd, 6H), 2.1 (m, 1H), 2.65 (m,1H), 6.0 (br. s, 2H), 6.6 (d, 1H), 7.45 (app. t, 4H), 7.65 (app. t, 2H),8.05 (d, 4H).

In an alternative synthesis of compound (21), a 5 L three necked roundbottom flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer, teflon coated temperatureprobe and an addition funnel was charged with (13) (350 g, 1.5 mol),(23) (530 g, 1.5 mol), and dichloromethane (2 L). The reaction mixturewas cooled under a nitrogen atmosphere in an ice water bath to 15° C. Tothe stirred reaction mixture was added a 32% solution of peracetic acidin dilute acetic acid (914 mL, 4.35 mol) over 4 h, while maintaining thetemperature between 15° C. and 20° C. The solution was maintained atthis temperature for an additional 16 h, then was transferred to a 22 Lseparatory funnel and the small aqueous layer was removed. The organicphase was diluted with ethyl acetate (2 L) and was washed with water(6×1 L), 0.2M aqueous sodium metabisulfite (2×1 L), and saturatedaqueous sodium chloride (2×1 L). The organic phase was dried overanhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to afford a whitesolid. This solid was dissolved in ethyl acetate (2 L) at 50° C. and thesolution cooled to ambient temperature over 2 h, then further cooled to0-2° C. for 1 h. The resulting crystalline material was collected on asintered glass funnel, washed with cold ethyl acetate and dried undervacuum to afford the title compound (21) as a white solid (103 g, 190mmol, 12.7%), m.p.=138.5-139.5° C. The diastereomeric purity of theproduct was determined to be 89% d.e. by HPLC using a chiral column.

5.18 Example 18 Synthesis of4-{[(1S)-Isobutanoyloxyisobutoxy]carbonylamino}-(3R)-(4-chlorophenyl)-butanoicAcid (24)

To a 3 L three necked round bottom flask fitted with a mechanicalstirrer, temperature probe, and nitrogen inlet was added (21) (75 g, 139mmol), R-baclofen (31.2 g, 146 mmol), THF (1000 mL), and water (100 mL).The suspension was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere at 18-20° C. for4 h. The reaction became homogenous in 30 min. The solvent was removedin vacuo and the reaction mixture was diluted with methyl tert-butylether (250 mL) and washed with 1N HCl (1×500 mL) and water (2×200 mL).The organic phase was separated and concentrated in vacuo to leave awhite solid. The solid was purified by flash chromatography (800 gsilica gel; eluting with 20% acetone in hexane) to afford the product(50 g, 125 mmol, 90% yield) as a white solid. Crystallization fromeither an acetone/hexane mixture or ethyl acetate/heptane mixtureafforded the title compound (24) (50 g, 125 mmol, 90% yield) as a whitesolid. The diastereomeric purity of the product was determined tobe >99% d.e. by HPLC using a chiral column. 1H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ0.89 (m, 6H), 1.15 (m, 6H), 1.94 (m, 1H), 2.52 (m, 1H), 2.58 (dd, 1H),2.78 (dd, 1H), 3.28 (m, 2H), 3.49 (m, 1H), 4.68(t, 1H), 6.48 (d, 1H),7.10 (d, 2H), 7.24 (d, 2H). MS (ESI) m/z 398.14 (M−H)⁻.

In an alternative synthesis of compound (24), to a 1 L round bottomflask fitted with a mechanical stirrer was added R-baclofen (40.3 g, 189mmol), compound (21) (99.3 g, 184 mmol, d.e.=89%), acetone (225 mL),methyl tert-butyl ether (525 mL), and water (75 mL). The suspension wasstirred at 20-22° C. for 2.5 h. Analysis of the reaction mixture byLC/MS after 1.5 h indicated that starting material (21) had beencompletely consumed. The reaction mixture was washed with 2% aqueous HCl(30 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (3×200 mL). Theorganic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo to provide an orange oil (160 g). The oil wasdissolved in dichloromethane (120 mL), and applied to an 800 g Biotage75 L silica gel chromatography cartridge in a Biotage Flash 75 RadialCompression Module. The dichloromethane was removed by applying a vacuumto the base of the column for 20 minutes. The desired product was elutedfrom the column with 14% v/v acetone in hexane (20 L total volume). Theeluant was initially collected in 500 mL fractions until the product wasobserved eluting by TLC, at which point it was collected in 2×4 Lfractions, then collected in 400 mL fractions until by-product (23) wasobserved in the eluant (by TLC). The fractions containing no visibleimpurities by TLC were combined, concentrated under reduced pressure anddried in vacuo to afford the title compound (24) (70 g, 175 mmol, 95%yield). The chemical purity of the product was determined to be ˜98.2%AUC (by LC-UV) and the diastereomeric purity determined to be ˜88.4%d.e. by HPLC using a chiral column. The product was recrystallized bydissolution of the solid in acetone (175 mL) with warming to 53° C. in awater bath, followed by the gradual addition of hexane (1575 mL) over 45minutes, maintaining the internal temperature between 47 and 52° C. Theclear solution was allowed to cool to ambient temperature over 2 h,followed by further cooling to 0-2° C. for 1 h. The product wascollected by filtration and washed with cold acetone/hexane (25 mL/225mL) and dried in a vacuum oven at 45° C. for 24 h, to give the titlecompound (24) (59.5 g, 149 mmol) as a white crystalline solid. Thechemical purity of the product was determined to be ˜99.9% AUC (byLC-UV) and the diastereomeric purity determined to be ˜98.7% d.e. byHPLC using a chiral column.

5.19 Example 19 Synthesis of Sodium4-{[(1S)-Isobutanoyloxyisobutoxy]carbonylamino}-(3R)-(4-chlorophenyl)-butanoate(25)

The carboxylic acid (24) was converted to the sodium salt by dissolutionin MeCN and then addition of aqueous NaHCO₃ (1 eq.) with sonication for15 min. The solvent was removed by lyophilization. Crystallization fromeither mixtures of acetone/hexane, ethyl acetate/heptane, THF/heptane or1,2-dimethoxyethane/hexane afforded the title compound (25) as a whitecrystalline solid. 1H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz): δ 0.90 (d, 6H), 1.14 (d,3H), 1.15 (d, 3H), 1.91 (m, 1H), 2.40 (m, 1H), 2.52 (m, 2H), 3.30(m,3H), 6.41 (d, 1H), 7.22 (s, 4H). MS (ESI) m/z 398.08 (M—Na)⁻.

5.20 Example 20 Synthesis of(1R)-1-[((3R,4R)-2,5-Dioxo-3,4-diisobutyroyloxypyrrolidinyl)-oxycarbonyloxy]-2-methyipropyl 2-methylpropanoate (26) StepA:(3R,4R)-2,5-Dioxo-3,4-diisobutyroyloxy-3,4-dihydrofuran (27)

To a suspension of L-tartaric acid (5.0 g, 33.3 mmol) in toluene (60 mL)was added isobutyryl chloride (11.3 mL, 107 mmol). The resultingsuspension was heated to reflux and stirred for 22 h at refluxtemperature. The reaction mixture was then concentrated in vacuo toafford a crystalline solid, which was suspended in a mixture of etherand hexane (1:3), filtered, washed with hexane and dried to afford thedesired compound (27) as a white crystalline solid (6.4 g, 71%). ¹H-NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.25 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 12H), 2.72 (hept, J=6.8 Hz, 2H),5.63 (s, 2H).

Step B:1-Hydroxy-(3R,4R)-2,5-Dioxo-3,4-diisobutyroyloxypyrrolidine (28)

To a stirred solution of compound (27) (5.98 g, 22 mmol) in ethylacetate (50 mL) at 0° C. was added a 50% aqueous solution ofhydroxylamine (1.75 g, 26.4 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 3 h and washed successively with aqueous citricacid solution and brine, then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Afterfiltration and concentration in vacuo, the residue was suspended intoluene and the reaction mixture heated under reflux for 5 h, with theazeotropically liberated water being collected in a Dean-Starkapparatus. Toluene was removed in vacuo to afford the title compound(28) (6.3 g, quantitative yield). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.22 (d,J=6.8 Hz, 12H), 2.69 (hept, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 5.48 (s, 2H).

Step C:(1R)-1-[((3R,4R)-2,5-Dioxo-3,4-diisobutroyloxypyrrolidinyl)-oxycarbonyloxy]-2-methyltropyl 2-methylproyanoate (26)

To a stirred solution of compound (28) (4.89 g, 17.0 mmol) andthiocarbonate (13) (4.39 g, 18.7 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. was addeddropwise a 32% solution of peracetic acid in acetic acid (10.7 mL, 51.1mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. to r.t. for21 h, with the reaction progress monitored by NMR. The reaction mixturewas washed with water and brine, then dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate. After removal of the solvent in vacuo, the crude product wasfiltered through a short silica gel column, eluting with 20% ethylacetate in hexane to afford the desired compound as a mixture ofdiastereomers. The mixture was carefully crystallized from 5% ether inhexane to afford the title compound (26) (320 mg). The diastereomericpurity of the product was determined to be ˜82% d.e. by HPLC using achiral column. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 1.03 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H), 1.19(d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H), 1.22 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 12H), 2.15 (m, 1H), 2.61 (hept,J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.69 (hept, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 5.61 (br.s, 2H), 6.59 (d,J=5.2 Hz, 1H).

5.21 Example 21 Synthesis of4-{[(1R)-Isobutanoyloxyisobutoxy]carbonylamino}-(3R)-(4-chlorophenyl)-butanoicacid (19)

A suspension of compound (26) and R-baclofen in 10% v/vwater-acetonitrile was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. Acetonitrilewas removed in vacuo to afford the crude product, which was partitionedbetween water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water(3×) and brine, then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After removalof the solvent in vacuo, the product was crystallized from 20% ethylacetate hexane to afford the title compound (19). The diastereomericpurity of the product was determined to be ˜92% d.e. by HPLC using achiral column.

5.22 Example 22 Synthesis of(1S)-1-[((3S,4S)-2,5-Dioxo-3,4-diisobutyroyloxypyrrolidinyl)-oxycarbonyloxy]-2-methylpropyl 2-methylpropanoate (29) StepA:(3S,4S)-2,5-Dioxo-3,4-diisobutyroyloxy-3,4-dihydrofuran (30)

To a suspension of D-tartaric acid (5.0 g, 33.3 mmol) in toluene (60 mL)was added isobutyryl chloride (11.3 mL, 107 mmol). The resultingsuspension was heated to reflux and stirred for 22 h at refluxtemperature. The reaction mixture was then concentrated in vacuo toafford a crystalline solid, which was suspended in a mixture of etherand hexane (1:3), filtered, washed with hexane and dried to afford thedesired compound (30) as a white crystalline solid (6.4 g, 71%). ¹H-NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.25 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 12H), 2.72 (hept, J=6.8 Hz, 2H),5.63 (s, 2H).

Step B:1-Hydroxy-(3S,4S)-2,5-Dioxo-3,4-diisobutyroyloxypyrrolidine (31)

To a stirred solution of compound (30) (5.98 g, 22 mmol) in ethylacetate (50 mL) at 0° C. was added a 50% aqueous solution ofhydroxylamine (1.75 g, 26.4 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 3 h and washed successively with aqueous citricacid solution and brine, then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Afterfiltration and concentration in vacuo, the residue was suspended intoluene and the reaction mixture heated under reflux for 5 h, with theazeotropically liberated water being collected in a Dean-Starkapparatus. Toluene was removed in vacuo to afford the title compound(28) (6.3 g, quantitative yield). ¹H-NMR (400 MNHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.22 (d,J=6.8 Hz, 12H), 2.69 (hept, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 5.48 (s, 2H).

Step C:(1S)-1-[((3S,4S)-2,5-Dioxo-3,4-diisobutryoyloxypyrrolidinyl)-oxycarbonyloxy]-2-methylpropyl 2-methylpropanoate (29)

To a stirred solution of compound (31) (4.89 g, 17.0 mmol) andthiocarbonate (13) (4.39 g, 18.7 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. was addeddropwise a 32% solution of peracetic acid in acetic acid (10.74 mL,51.06 mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. to r.t.for 21 h, monitoring the reaction progress by NMR. The reaction mixturewas washed with water and brine, then dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate. After removal of the solvent in vacuo, the crude product wasfiltered through a short silica gel column, eluting with 20% ethylacetate in hexane to afford the desired compound as a mixture ofdiastereomers. The mixture was carefully crystallized from 5% ether inhexane to afford the title compound (29). The diastereomeric purity ofthe product was determined to be ˜84% d.e. by HPLC using a chiralcolumn. An additional recrystallization affords a product having greaterdiastereomeric purity. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.04 (d, J=6.8 Hz,6H), 1.20 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H), 1.24 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H), 1.26 (d, J=6.8 Hz,6H), 2.17 (m, 1H), 2.62 (hept, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.70 (hept, J=2H), 5.63(br.s, 2H), 6.60 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H).

5.23 Example 23 Synthesis of4-{[(1S)-Isobutanovioxyisobutoxy]carbonylamino}-(3R)-(4-chlorophenyl)-butanoicAcid (24)

The title compound can also be prepared following the same procedure asin Example 21 by replacing compound (26) with(1S)-1-[((3S,4S)-2,5-dioxo-3,4-diisobutryoyloxypyrrolidinyl)-oxycarbonyloxy]-2-methylpropyl 2-methylpropanoate, (29).

Finally, it should be noted that there are alternative ways ofimplementing the present invention. Accordingly, the present embodimentsare to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and theinvention is not to be limited to the details given herein, but may bemodified within the scope and equivalents of the appended claims. Allpublications and patents cited herein are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

1. A method of synthesizing a 1-(acyloxy)-alkyl N-hydroxysuccinimidylcarbonate compound of Formula (I), comprising:

(i) contacting a compound of Formula (IV) and a compound of Formula (V)to provide a compound of Formula (VI); (ii) contacting the compound ofFormula (VI) with a carboxylate compound of Formula (VII) to provide anacyloxyalkyl thiocarbonate compound of Formula (VIII); and (iii)contacting the thiocarbonate compound of Formula (VIII) with an oxidant(IX), in the presence of an N-hydroxysuccinimide compound of Formula (X)to afford the compound of Formula (I);

wherein: X is Cl, Br or I; B₁ ⁺ is an alkali metal cation, a quaternaryammonium cation, or the conjugate acid of an organic base; B₂ ⁺ is aquaternary ammonium cation, the conjugate acid of an organic base, analkali metal cation, or an alkaline earth metal cation; R¹ is alkyl,substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substitutedarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl,substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl,heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl or substitutedheteroarylalkyl; R² and R³ are independently hydrogen, alkyl,substituted alkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, substituted alkoxycarbonyl, aryl,substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, carbamoyl,substituted carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl,substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl,heteroarylalkyl or substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally, R² and R³together with the atom to which they are bonded form a cycloalkyl,substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl or substituted cycloheteroalkylring; R⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl or C₇₋₉ phenylalkyl;and R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen, acylamino, acyloxy,alkoxycarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkyl, substituted alkyl,alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl,carbamoyloxy, dialkylamino, heteroaryl, hydroxy, sulfonamido, oroptionally, R⁵ and R⁶ together with the atoms to which they are attachedform a substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, orsubstituted aryl ring.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein X is Cl.
 3. Themethod of claim 1, wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting ofC₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, substitutedphenyl and C₇₋₉ phenylalkyl.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein R¹ ismethyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl,tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, neopentyl,1,1-diethoxyethyl, phenyl or cyclohexyl.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein R² and R³ are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxycarbonyl,C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkoxycarbonyl, phenyl, substituted phenyland C₇₋₉ phenylalkyl.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein R² is hydrogen,methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, phenylor cyclohexyl and R³ is hydrogen.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein R²is methyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, isopropoxycarbonyl orcyclohexyloxycarbonyl and R³ is methyl.
 8. The method of claim 1,wherein R² and R³ together with the carbon atom to which they areattached form a cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl ring.
 9. Themethod of claim 1, wherein R⁴ is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl,butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl,4-methylphenyl or benzyl.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein R⁵ and R⁶are both hydrogen.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are eachacyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkoxy, carbamoyloxy or hydroxy.
 12. Themethod of claim 11, wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are each acetoxy, isobutyroyloxy,pivaloyloxy, benzoyloxy, C₁₋₄ alkyl-substituted benzoyloxy, methoxy orbenzyloxy.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are eachisobutyroyloxy or benzoyloxy.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein R¹ isisopropyl, R² is methyl, R³ is hydrogen, R⁴ is methyl, ethyl ortert-butyl, and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.
 15. The method of claim 1,wherein R¹ is isopropyl, R² is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, R⁴ is methyl,ethyl or tert-butyl, and R⁵ and R⁶ are each benzoyloxy.
 16. The methodof claim 1, wherein R¹ is isopropyl, R² is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, R⁴is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, and R⁵ and R⁶ are each isobutyroyloxy.17. The method of claim 1, wherein R¹ is isopropyl, R² is isopropyl, R³is hydrogen, R⁴ is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, and R⁵ and R⁶ are eachpivaloyloxy.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein R¹ is isopropyl, R²isisopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, R⁴ is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, and R⁵ andR⁶ are each C₁₋₄ alkyl-substituted benzoyloxy.
 19. The method of claim1, wherein R² and R³ in the compound of Formula (I) are different, suchthat the carbon atom to which R² and R³ are attached is a stereogeniccenter.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the compound of Formula (X)is chiral and non-racemic.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein R⁵ and R⁶in the compound of Formula Formula (X) are each isobutyryloxy orbenzoyloxy, the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ is attached isof the R-configuration, and the stereochemistry at the carbon to whichR⁶ is attached is of the R-configuration.
 22. The method of claim 20,wherein R⁵ and R⁶ in the compound of Formula Formula (X) are eachisobutyryloxy or benzoyloxy, the stereochemistry at the carbon to whichR⁵ is attached is of the S-configuration, and the stereochemistry at thecarbon to which R⁶ is attached is of the S-configuration.
 23. The methodof claim 20, wherein the compound of Formula (I) comprises substantiallyone diastereomer.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein R¹ is isopropyl,R² is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, R⁴ is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, R⁵and R⁶ are each benzoyloxy, the stereochemistry at the carbon to whichR² and R³ are attached is of the S-configuration, the stereochemistry atthe carbon to which R⁵ is attached is of the R-configuration, and thestereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁶ is attached is of theR-configuration.
 25. The method of claim 23, wherein R¹ is isopropyl, R²is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, R⁴ is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, R⁵ andR⁶ are each benzoyloxy, the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R²and R³ are attached is of the R-configuration, the stereochemistry atthe carbon to which R⁵ is attached is of the S-configuration, and thestereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁶ is attached is of theS-configuration.
 26. The method of claim 23, wherein R¹ is isopropyl, R²is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, R⁴ is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, R⁵ andR⁶ are each isobutyroyloxy, the stereochemistry at the carbon to whichR² and R³ are attached is of the R-configuration, the stereochemistry atthe carbon to which R⁵ is attached is of the R-configuration, and thestereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁶ is attached is of theR-configuration.
 27. The method of claim 23, wherein R¹ is isopropyl, R²is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, R⁴ is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, R⁵ andR⁶ are each isobutyroyloxy, the stereochemistry at the carbon to whichR² and R³ are attached is of the S-configuration, the stereochemistry atthe carbon to which R⁵ is attached is of the S-configuration, and thestereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁶ is attached is of theS-configuration.
 28. The method of claim 1, wherein B₁ ⁺ of Formula (V)comprises an alkali metal cation.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein B₁⁺ of Formula (V) comprises a sodium ion.
 30. The method of claim 1,wherein B₁ ⁺ of Formula (V) comprises a cation selected from the groupconsisting of tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium,tetrabutylammonium, triethylammonium, diisopropylethylammonium,N-methylmorpholinium and pyridinium.
 31. The method of claim 1, whereinstep (iii) is carried out in the presence of a base.
 32. The method ofclaim 1, wherein step (i) is carried out in the presence of a solventselected from the group consisting of dichloromethane, dichloroethane,chloroform, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethylformamide,dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone, dimethyl sulfoxide, pyridine,ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, methyl tert-butyl ether, water andcombinations thereof.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the solventcomprises dichloromethane, water or a combination thereof.
 34. Themethod of claim 33, wherein the solvent comprises a biphasic mixture ofdichloromethane and water containing from about 0.001 equivalents toabout 0.1 equivalents of a tetraalkylammonium salt phase transfercatalyst.
 35. The method of claim 32, wherein step (i) is carried out ata temperature between about −20° C. and about 25° C.
 36. The method ofclaim 35, wherein step (i) is carried out at a temperature between about0° C. and about 25° C.
 37. The method of claim 1, wherein B₂ ⁺ ofFormula (VII) is a cation selected from the group consisting oftetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, tetrabutylammonium,triethylammonium, diisopropylethylammonium, N-methylmorpholinium andpyridinium.
 38. The method of claim 1, wherein B₂ ⁺ of Formula (VII)comprises a lithium, sodium or potassium ion.
 39. The method of claim 1,wherein step (ii) is carried out in the presence of a solvent selectedfrom the group consisting of tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dichloromethane,toluene, pyridine, methyl tert-butyl ether, methanol, ethanol,isopropanol, water, the conjugate acid of the compound of Formula (VII)and combinations thereof.
 40. The method of claim 39, wherein step (ii)is carried out at a temperature between about −20° C. and about 100° C.41. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxidant (IX) comprises acomposition selected from the group consisting of a peroxy acid, aperoxide, ozone and oxygen.
 42. The method of claim 41, wherein theperoxy acid is selected from the group consisting of peroxyacetic acid,m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, monoperoxy-o-phthalic acid, monoperoxymaleicacid, peroxytrifluoroacetic acid and salts thereof.
 43. The method ofclaim 42, wherein the peroxy acid comprises peroxyacetic acid.
 44. Themethod of claim 41, wherein the oxidant (IX) and the thiocarbonate(VIII) are present in a molar ratio of oxidant (IX): thiocarbonate(VIII) of between about 100:1 and about 1:1.
 45. The method of claim 44,wherein the molar ratio is between about 3:1 and about 1:1.
 46. Themethod of claim 1, wherein step (iii) is carried out in the presence ofa solvent selected from the group consisting of acetic acid,dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, toluene,chlorobenzene, xylene, acetonitrile, methyl tert-butyl ether,cyclohexane and combinations thereof.
 47. The method of claim 46,wherein the solvent comprises acetic acid, dichloromethane orcombinations thereof.
 48. The method of claim 46, wherein step (iii) iscarried out at a temperature between about −20° C. and about 80° C. 49.The method of claim 48, wherein step (iii) is carried out at atemperature between about −20° C. and about 25° C.
 50. The method ofclaim 48, wherein step (iii) is carried out a temperature between about25° C. and about 60° C.
 51. The method of claim 1, wherein step (iii) iscarried out in the absence of a base.
 52. A compound of Formula (I),

and salts and solvates thereof, wherein: R¹ is isopropyl; R² is methyl;R³ is hydrogen; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.
 53. A compound ofFormula (I),

and salts and solvates thereof, wherein: R¹ is isopropyl; R² isisopropyl; R³ is hydrogen; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each benzoyloxy.
 54. Acompound of Formula (I),

and salts and solvates thereof, wherein: R¹ is isopropyl; R² isisopropyl; R³ is hydrogen; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each isobutyroyloxy. 55.The compound of claim 53, wherein the stereochemistry at the carbon towhich R² and R³ are attached is of the S-configuration, thestereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ is attached is of theR-configuration, and the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁶ isattached is of the R-configuration.
 56. The compound of claim 53,wherein the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R²and R³ are attachedis of the R-confiuration, the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵is attached is of the S-configuration, and the stereochemistry at thecarbon to which R⁶ is attached is of the S-configuration.
 57. Thecompound of claim 54, wherein the stereochemistry at the carbon to whichR² and R³ are attached is of the S-configuration, the stereochemistry atthe carbon to which R⁵ is attached is of the S-configuration, and thestereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁶ is attached is of theS-configuration.
 58. The compound of claim 54, wherein thestereochemistry at the carbon to which R² and R³ are attached is of theR-configuration, the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ isattached is of the R-configuration, and the stereochemistry at thecarbon to which R⁶ is attached is of the R-configuration.
 59. The methodof claim 1, further comprising: (iv) contacting the compound of Formula(I) with a primary or secondary amine-containing drug of Formula (II) toafford a compound of Formula (III) or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt, hydrate or solvate thereof,

wherein: HNR⁷R⁸ is a primary or secondary amine-containing drug.
 60. Themethod of claim 59, wherein HNR⁷R⁸ is gabapentin.
 61. The method ofclaim 60, wherein R¹ is isopropyl, R² is methyl, R³ is hydrogen, R⁴ ismethyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.
 62. Themethod of claim 59, wherein HNR⁷R⁸ is R-baclofen.
 63. The method ofclaim 62, wherein R¹ is isopropyl, R² is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, R⁴is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, and R⁵ and R⁶ are each benzoyloxy. 64.The method of claim 63, wherein the stereochemistry at the carbon towhich R² and R³ are attached is of the S-configuration, thestereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ is attached is of theR-configuration, and the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁶ isattached is of the R-configuration.
 65. The method of claim 63, whereinthe stereochemistry at the carbon to which R² and R³ are attached is ofthe R-configuration, the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ isattached is of the S-configuration, and the stereochemistry at thecarbon to which R⁶ is attached is of the S-configuration.
 66. The methodof claim 62, wherein R¹ is isopropyl, R² is isopropyl, R³ is hydrogen,R⁴ is methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, and R⁵ and R⁶ are eachisobutyroyloxy.
 67. The method of claim 66, wherein the stereochemistryat the carbon to which R² and R³ are attached is of the S-configuration,the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ is attached is of theS-configuration, and the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁶ isattached is of the S-configuration.
 68. The method of claim 66, whereinthe stereochemistry at the carbon to which R² and R³ are attached is ofthe R-configuration, the stereochemistry at the carbon to which R⁵ isattached is of the R-configuration, and the stereochemistry at thecarbon to which R⁶ is attached is of the R-configuration.
 69. The methodof claim 59, wherein step (iv) is conducted in the presence of a solventselected from the group consisting of acetone, acetonitrile,dichloromethane, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, methyl tert-butylether, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, water, and combinations thereof.70. The method of claim 69, wherein the solvent comprises a mixture ofacetonitrile and water.
 71. The method of claim 70, wherein theacetonitrile and water are present in a volume ratio ofacetonitrile:water from about 1:5 to about 5:1.
 72. The method of claim69, wherein the solvent is a mixture of methyl tert-butyl ether andwater.
 73. The method of claim 72, wherein the methyl tert-butyl etherand water are present in a volume ratio of methyl tert-butyl ether:waterfrom about 20:1 to about 2:1.
 74. The method of claim 73, wherein themethyl tert-butyl ether contains from about 10% to about 50% acetone byvolume.
 75. The method of claim 59, wherein step (iv) is carried out ata temperature between about −20° C. and about 40° C.
 76. The method ofclaim 75, wherein step (iv) is carried out at a temperature betweenabout 0° C. and about 25° C.
 77. The method of claim 75, wherein step(iv) is carried out at a temperature of about 25° C.
 78. The method ofclaim 59, wherein step (iv) is performed in the absence of a base. 79.The method of claim 59, wherein step (iv) is performed in the presenceof a base.
 80. The method of claim 79, wherein the base is an alkalimetal bicarbonate or alkali metal carbonate salt.
 81. The method ofclaim 79, wherein the base is an organic base selected from the groupconsisting of triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, N-methylmorpholine,and pyridine.
 82. A method of synthesizing a 1-(acyloxy)-alkyl carbamatecompound of Formula (XI) comprising contacting a compound of Formula (I)with gabapentin or a salt, or solvate thereof

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁵ and R⁶ are as defined in claim
 1. 83. A method ofsynthesizing a 1-(acyloxy)-alkyl carbamate compound of Formula (XII)comprising contacting a compound of Formula (I) with baclofen or a salt,or solvate thereof

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁵ and R⁶ are as defined in claim
 1. 84. A method ofsynthesizing a 1-(acyloxy)-alkyl carbamate compound of Formula (XIII)comprising contacting a compound of Formula (I) with R-(−)-baclofen or asalt, or solvate thereof

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁵ and R⁶ are as defined in claim 1.